Therapeutic Properties and Biological Benefits of Marine-Derived Anticancer Peptides

Abstract

Various organisms exist in the oceanic environment. These marine organisms provide an abundant source of potential medicines. Many marine peptides possess anticancer properties, some of which have been evaluated for treatment of human cancer in clinical trials. Marine anticancer peptides kill cancer cells through different mechanisms, such as apoptosis, disruption of the tubulin-microtubule balance, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents have side effects and depress immune responses. Thus, the research and development of novel anticancer peptides with low toxicity to normal human cells and mechanisms of action capable of avoiding multi-drug resistance may provide a new method for anticancer treatment. This review provides useful information on the potential of marine anticancer peptides for human therapy.

Keywords: anticancer; antiproliferative; marine organism; peptide; therapeutic agents.

Figure 1

Structures of apratoxins A–D (1–4) [29,30].

Figure 2

Structures of aurilide (5), aurilide B (6), and aurilide C (7) [36,37].

Figure 3

Structure of bisebromoamide (8) [38].

Figure 4

Structure of coibamide A (9) [39].

Figure 5

Cryptophycin (10) isolated from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. [35].

Figure 6

Structure of desmethoxymajusculamide C (11) [45].

Figure 7

Structures of grassypeptolide A–E (12–16) [46,47].

Figure 8

Hantupeptin A (17) isolated from cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula [48].

Figure 9

Structure of hectochlorin (18) [51].

Figure 10

Hormothamnin A (19) isolated from the cyanobacterium Hormothamnion enteromorphoides [52].

Figure 11

Itralamide A (20) and B (21) isolated from cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula [53].

Figure 12

Structures of Lagunamide A (22), B (23), and C (24) [54,55].

Figure 13

Largazole (25) isolated from cyanobacterium Symploca sp. [56].

Figure 14

Structures of laxaphycin A (26) and laxaphycin B (27) [61,62].

Figure 15

Structures of Lyngbyabellin A (28), E, (29) and B (30) [64,65].

Figure 16

Structures of lyngbyastatin 4–7 (31–34) [67].

Figure 17

Structure of Symplocamide A (35) [68].

Figure 18

Structures of tasiamide (36) and tasiamide B (37) [69,70,71].

Figure 19

Veraguamide A (38), D (39), and E (40), isolated from Oscillatoria margaritifera [72,73].

Figure 20

Azonazine (41) isolated from Aspergillus insulicola [74].

Figure 21

Structure of sansalvamide A (42) [75].

Figure 22

Scopularide A (43) and B (44) isolated from fungi Scopulariopsis brevicaulis [77].

Figure 23

Structure of arenastatin A (45) [79].

Figure 24

Structure of discodermin A–H (46–53) [84].

Figure 25

Geodiamolide H (54) isolated from Discodermia sp. [85,86,87].

Figure 26

Hemiasterlin (55), hemiasterlin A (56), and hemiasterlin C (57) isolated from the marine sponge Hemiasterella minor [88,89,90].

Figure 27

Structures of homophymine A–E (58–62) and A1–E1 (63–67) [96].

Figure 28

Structure of jaspamide (68) [97].

Figure 29

Structures of koshikamide B (69) and F–H (70–72) [100,101].

Figure 30

Structures of microcionamide A (73) and B (74) [102].

Figure 31

Structure of orbiculamide A (75) [103].

Figure 32

Structures of papuamide A–F (76–81) isolated [83,104,105].

Figure 33

Structures of phakellistatin 1 (82) and 13 (83) [106].

Figure 34

Rolloamide A (84) isolated from the Dominican sponge Eurypon laughlini [109].

Figure 35

Structure of scleritodermin A (85) [110,111].

Figure 36

Structure of aplidin (86) [112].

Figure 37

Structure of didemnin B (87) [123].

Figure 38

Cycloxazoline (88) isolated from ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum [124,125].

Figure 39

Diazonamide A (89) isolated from ascidian Diazona angulata [126,127].

Figure 40

Mollamides B (90) and C (91) isolated from the ascidian Didemnum molle [128,129].

Figure 41

Chemical structure of tamandarin A (92) and tamandarin B (93) [131].

Figure 42

Trunkamide A (94) isolated from ascidians of the genus Lissoclinum [132].

Figure 43

Structures of virenamide A–C (95–97) [133].

Figure 44

Structure of vitilevuamide (98) [134].

Figure 45

Chemical structure of dolastatin 10 (99) and dolastatin 15 (100) [137,138].

Figure 46

Structure of kahalalide F (101) [142].

Figure 47

Structure of keenamide A (102) [156].

Figure 48

Structure of kulokekahilide-2 (103) [157].

Figure 49

Primary structure of ziconotide (104) [158]. Ziconotide has six cysteine residues, forming three disulfide bonds.