Levels of detection of hypertension in primary medical care and interventions to improve detection: a systematic review of the evidence since 2000

Abstract

Objectives: In England, many hypertensives are not detected by primary medical care. Higher detection is associated with lower premature mortality. We aimed to summarise recent evidence on detection and interventions to improve detection in order to inform policies to improve care.

Design: Data sources: systematic review of articles published since 2000. Searches of Medline and Embase were undertaken. Eligibility criteria: published in English, any study design, the setting was general practice and studies included patients aged 18 or over.

Exclusion criteria: screening schemes, studies in primary care settings other than general practice, discussion or comment pieces.

Participants: adult patients of primary medical care services.

Synthesis: study heterogeneity precluded a statistical synthesis, and papers were described in summary tables.

Results: Seventeen quantitative and one qualitative studies were included. Detection rates varied by gender and ethnic group, but longitudinal studies indicated an improvement in detection over time. Patient socioeconomic factors did not influence detection, but living alone was associated with lower detection. Few health system factors were associated with detection, but in two studies higher numbers of general practitioners per 1000 population were associated with higher detection. Three studies investigated interventions to improve detection, but none showed evidence of effectiveness.

Limitations: The search was limited to studies published from 2000, in English. There were few studies of interventions to improve detection, and a meta-analysis was not possible.

Conclusions and implications: Levels of detection of hypertension by general practices may be improving, but large numbers of people with hypertension remain undetected. Improvement in detection is therefore required, but guidance for primary medical care is not provided by the few studies of interventions included in this review. Primary care teams should continue to use low-cost, practical approaches to detecting hypertension until evidence from new studies of interventions to improve detection is available.

Keywords: detection; hypertension; primary care; public health.

Figure 1

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 flow diagram.