Human and experimental toxicology of diquat poisoning: Toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and treatment
- PMID: 29569487
- DOI: 10.1177/0960327118765330
Human and experimental toxicology of diquat poisoning: Toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and treatment
Abstract
Diquat (1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridinium ion; DQ) is a nonselective quick-acting herbicide, which is used as contact and preharvest desiccant to control terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Several cases of human poisoning were reported worldwide mainly due to intentional ingestion of the liquid formulations. Its toxic potential results from its ability to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through redox cycling processes that can lead to oxidative stress and potentially cell death. Kidney is the main target organ due to DQ toxicokinetics and redox cycling. There is no antidote against DQ intoxications, and the efficacy of treatments currently applied is still unsatisfactory. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant human and experimental findings related to DQ, characterizing its chemistry, activity as herbicide, mechanisms of toxicity, consequences of poisoning, and potential therapeutic approaches taking into account previous experience in developing antidotes for paraquat, a more toxic bipyridinium herbicide.
Keywords: 1,1′-Ethylene-2,2′-bipyridinium; herbicide; human poisoning; oxidative stress; treatment.
Similar articles
-
Mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and management of diquat poisoning: a review.J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2000;38(2):123-8. doi: 10.1081/clt-100100926. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2000. PMID: 10778908 Review.
-
Clinical course of a fatal ingestion of diquat.J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(7):881-4. doi: 10.1081/clt-100102471. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999. PMID: 10630275
-
Imaging Findings and Toxicological Mechanisms of Nervous System Injury Caused by Diquat.Mol Neurobiol. 2024 Nov;61(11):9272-9283. doi: 10.1007/s12035-024-04172-x. Epub 2024 Apr 15. Mol Neurobiol. 2024. PMID: 38619744 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Different distribution of paraquat and diquat in human poisoning cases after ingestion of a combined herbicide.Arch Toxicol. 1994;68(2):134-7. doi: 10.1007/s002040050046. Arch Toxicol. 1994. PMID: 8179483
-
[Clinical features of 86 cases of acute diquat poisoning].Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2022 Mar;34(3):301-305. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20220128-00105. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2022. PMID: 35574750 Chinese.
Cited by
-
Impact of Diquat on the Intestinal Health and the Composition and Function of the Gut Microbiome.Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jun 12;14(6):721. doi: 10.3390/antiox14060721. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025. PMID: 40563352 Free PMC article. Review.
-
A Common Feature of Pesticides: Oxidative Stress-The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pesticide-Induced Toxicity.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Jan 19;2022:5563759. doi: 10.1155/2022/5563759. eCollection 2022. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022. PMID: 35096268 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Construction of a mortality risk prediction model for patients with acute diquat poisoning based on clinically accessible data.J Occup Med Toxicol. 2024 May 21;19(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12995-024-00416-7. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2024. PMID: 38773656 Free PMC article.
-
Construction and validation of a nomogram model to predict mortality risk in patients with acute diquat poisoning.Am J Transl Res. 2025 Mar 15;17(3):1901-1909. doi: 10.62347/XXIL7895. eCollection 2025. Am J Transl Res. 2025. PMID: 40226039 Free PMC article.
-
Diquat Induces Cell Death and dopamine Neuron Loss via Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Caenorhabditis elegans.Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Jan 14;59(1):152-162. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c07783. Epub 2025 Jan 2. Environ Sci Technol. 2025. PMID: 39745087 Free PMC article.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical