Gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid in neuropaediatric disorders

Abstract

Aim: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major modulator in brain maturation and its role in many different neurodevelopmental disorders has been widely reported. Although the involvement of GABA in different disorders has been related to its regulatory function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature brain, co-transmitter, and signalling molecule, little is known about its role as a clinical biomarker in neuropaediatric disorders. The aim of this study is to report the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free-GABA concentrations in a large cohort of patients (n=85) with different neurological disorders.

Method: GABA was measured in the CSF of neuropaediatric patients using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Other neurotransmitters (amino acids and monoamines) were also analysed.

Results: GABA concentrations in CSF were abnormal, with a greater frequency (44%) than monoamines (20%) in neuropaediatric patients compared with our reference values. Although we included a few patients with inborn errors of metabolism, GABA levels in CSF were more frequently abnormal in metabolic disorders than in other nosological groups.

Interpretation: Our work suggests further research into brain GABAergic status in neuropaediatric disorders, which could also lead to new therapeutic strategies.

What this paper adds: Homeostasis of GABA seems more vulnerable than that of monoamines in the developing brain. The highest GABA levels are found in the primary GABA neurotransmitter disorder SSADH deficiency. GABA alterations are not specific for any clinical or neuroimaging presentation.