National Trends in the Utilization of Skeletal Radiography From 2003 to 2015

Abstract

Purpose: Examine recent trends in the use of skeletal radiography and assess the roles of various nonradiologic specialties in the interpretations.

Methods: Medicare Part B fee-for-service claims data files from 2003 to 2015 were analyzed for all Current Procedural Terminology, version 4 (CPT-4) procedure codes related to skeletal radiography. The files provide examination volume, and we calculated utilization rates per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries. Medicare's physician specialty codes were used to determine the specialties of the providers. Total utilization rate trends were analyzed, as well as those for radiologists and nonradiologists. We determined which nonradiologist specialties were the highest users of skeletal radiography. Medicare place-of-service codes were used to identify the locations where the services were provided.

Results: The total utilization rate per 1,000 of skeletal radiography within the Medicare population increased 9.5% from 2003 to 2015. The utilization rate for radiologists increased 5.5% from 2003 to 2015 versus 11.1% for nonradiologists as a group. Among nonradiologist specialties in all health care settings over the study period, orthopedic surgeons increased 10.6%, chiropractors and podiatrists together increased 14.4%, nonphysician providers (primarily nurse practitioners and physician assistants) increased 441%, and primary care physicians' rate decreased 33.5%. Although radiologists do almost all skeletal radiography interpretation in hospital settings, nonradiologists do the majority in private offices. There has been strong growth in skeletal radiography in emergency departments, but a substantial drop in inpatient settings.

Conclusions: The utilization of skeletal radiography has increased more rapidly among nonradiologists than among radiologists. This raises concerns about self-referral and quality.

Keywords: Skeletal radiography; image utilization; outpatient imaging; radiology and radiologists; self-referral; socioeconomic issues.