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. 2018 Mar 26;10(4):138.
doi: 10.3390/toxins10040138.

The Impact of T-2 Toxin on Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Like Immunoreactive (VIP-LI) Nerve Structures in the Wall of the Porcine Stomach and Duodenum

Krystyna Makowska  1 , Kazimierz Obremski  2 , Slawomir Gonkowski  3
Affiliations

The Impact of T-2 Toxin on Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Like Immunoreactive (VIP-LI) Nerve Structures in the Wall of the Porcine Stomach and Duodenum

Krystyna Makowska et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite of some Fusarium species. It is well-known that this substance can harmfully impact living organisms. Among others, thanks to the ability of crossing the blood-brain barrier, T-2 toxin can affect the central nervous system. Mycotoxins mostly get into the organism through the digestive tract; therefore, first of all they have to break the intestinal barrier, wherein the important component is the enteric nervous system (ENS). However, knowledge about the impact of T-2 toxin on the ENS is rather scant. As a result of the influence of various physiological and pathological agents, ENS can undergo adaptive and reparative processes which manifest as changes in the immunoreactivity of perikaryons for neuronal active substances. So, the aim of the present investigation was to study how low doses of T-2 toxin affect vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) nervous structures in the ENS of the porcine stomach and duodenum. Obtained results have shown that T-2 toxin causes an percentage increase of VIP-LI nerve cells and nerve fibers in every enteric plexus in both fragments of gastrointestinal tract studied. This shows that even low doses of T-2 toxin can have an influence on living organisms.

Keywords: T-2 toxin; enteric nervous system; pig; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Nerve cell bodies containing the protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) pan-neuronal marker (a) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (b) within the porcine gastric wall in control animals (I, III) and after T-2 toxin giving (II, IV). I, II: submucous plexus; III, IV: myenteric plexus. Arrows indicate VIP-positive neurons. Photos Ic, IIc, IIIc, and IVc came from the merger of green (PGP 9.5) and red (VIP) fluorescent channels. The pictures were captured with an Olympus XM10 camera.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-positive nerve fibers in the porcine stomach in control animals (I, III) and after T-2 toxin giving (II, IV). I, II: mucosal layer; III, IV: muscle layer. VIP-positive nerve fibers are indicated by arrows. The pictures were captured with an Olympus XM10 camera.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Nerve cell bodies containing the protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) pan-neuronal marker (a) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (b) within the porcine duodenal wall in control animals (I, III) and after T-2 toxin giving (II, IV). I, II: submucous plexus; III, IV: myenteric plexus. Arrows indicate VIP-positive neurons. Photos Ic, IIc, IIIc, and IVc came from the merger of green (PGP 9.5) and red (VIP) fluorescent channels. The pictures were captured with an Olympus XM10 camera.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-positive nerve fibers in the porcine duodenum in control animals (I, III) and after T-2 toxin giving (II, IV). I, II: mucosal layer; III, IV: muscle layer. VIP-positive nerve fibers are indicated by arrows. The pictures were captured with an Olympus XM10 camera.
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