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Review
. 2018 May-Jun;84(3):265-279.
doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 25.

How to avoid the inappropriate use of antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections? A position statement from an expert panel

Affiliations
Review

How to avoid the inappropriate use of antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections? A position statement from an expert panel

Otávio Bejzman Piltcher et al. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 May-Jun.

Abstract

Introduction: Bacterial resistance burden has increased in the past years, mainly due to inappropriate antibiotic use. Recently it has become an urgent public health concern due to its impact on the prolongation of hospitalization, an increase of total cost of treatment and mortality associated with infectious disease. Almost half of the antimicrobial prescriptions in outpatient care visits are prescribed for acute upper respiratory infections, especially rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and pharyngotonsillitis. In this context, otorhinolaryngologists play an important role in orienting patients and non-specialists in the utilization of antibiotics rationally and properly in these infections.

Objectives: To review the most recent recommendations and guidelines for the use of antibiotics in acute otitis media, acute rhinosinusitis, and pharyngotonsillitis, adapted to our national reality.

Methods: A literature review on PubMed database including the medical management in acute otitis media, acute rhinosinusitis, and pharyngotonsillitis, followed by a discussion with a panel of specialists.

Results: Antibiotics must be judiciously prescribed in uncomplicated acute upper respiratory tract infections. The severity of clinical presentation and the potential risks for evolution to suppurative and non-suppurative complications must be taken into 'consideration'.

Conclusions: Periodic revisions on guidelines and recommendations for treatment of the main acute infections are necessary to orient rationale and appropriate use of antibiotics. Continuous medical education and changes in physicians' and patients' behavior are required to modify the paradigm that all upper respiratory infection needs antibiotic therapy, minimizing the consequences of its inadequate and inappropriate use.

Introdução: A resistência bacteriana a antibióticos nos processos infecciosos é um fato crescente nos últimos anos, especialmente devido ao seu uso inapropriado. Ao longo dos anos vem se tornando um grave problema de saúde pública devido ao prolongamento do tempo de internação, elevação dos custos de tratamento e aumento da mortalidade relacionada às doenças infecciosas. Quase a metade das prescrições de antibióticos em unidades de pronto atendimento é destinada ao tratamento de alguma infecção de vias aéreas superiores, especialmente rinossinusites, otite média aguda supurada e faringotonsilites agudas, sendo que uma significativa parcela dessas prescrições é inapropriada. Nesse contexto, os otorrinolaringologistas têm um papel fundamental na orientação de pacientes e colegas não especialistas, para o uso adequado e racional de antibióticos frente a essas situações clínicas.

Objetivos: Realizar uma revisão das atuais recomendações de utilização de antibióticos nas otites médias, rinossinusites e faringotonsilites agudas adaptadas à realidade nacional.

Método: Revisão na base PubMed das principais recomendações internacionais de tratamentos das infecções de vias aéreas superiores, seguido de discussão com um painel de especialistas.

Resultados: Os antibióticos devem ser utilizados de maneira criteriosa nas infecções agudas de vias aéreas superiores não complicadas, a depender da gravidade da apresentação clínica e dos potenciais riscos associados de complicações supurativas e não supurativas.

Conclusões: Constantes revisões a respeito do tratamento das principais infecções agudas são necessárias para que sejam tomadas medidas coletivas no uso racional e apropriado de antibióticos. Somente com orientação e transformações no comportamento de médicos e pacientes é que haverá mudanças do paradigma de que toda infecção de vias aéreas superiores deva ser tratada antibióticos, minimizando por consequência os efeitos de seu uso inadequado.

Keywords: Acute otitis media; Acute rhinosinusitis; Antibiotic; Antibióticos; Infecções do trato respiratório superior; Microbial drug resistance; Otite média aguda; Resistência bacteriana a drogas; Rinossinusite aguda; Upper respiratory tract infections.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Evolution of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis after a viral illness.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Representativeness of acute viral rhinosinusitis developing into acute post-viral rhinosinusitis or, eventually, acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, according to EPOS (2012).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Evolution of acute rhinosinusitis.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Evaluation flow chart according to the presence of signs and symptoms, aimed to elucidate the probable etiological diagnosis and its treatment.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Treatment flowchart of patients with acute pharyngotonsillitis.

References

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