Exercise habituation is effective for improvement of periodontal disease status: a prospective intervention study

Abstract

Background and purpose: Periodontal disease is closely related to lifestyle-related diseases and obesity. It is widely known that moderate exercise habits lead to improvement in lifestyle-related diseases and obesity. However, little research has been undertaken into how exercise habits affect periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise habits on periodontal diseases and metabolic pathology.

Methods: We conducted a prospective intervention research for 12 weeks. The subjects were 71 obese men who participated in an exercise and/or dietary intervention program. Fifty subjects were assigned to exercise interventions (exercise intervention group) and 21 subjects were assigned to dietary interventions (dietary intervention group). This research was conducted before and after each intervention program.

Results: In the exercise intervention group, the number of teeth with a probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥4 mm significantly decreased from 14.4% to 5.6% (P<0.001), and the number of teeth with bleeding on probing (BOP) significantly decreased from 39.8% to 14.4% (P<0.001). The copy counts of Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola decreased significantly (P=0.001). A positive correlation was found between the change in the copy count of T. denticola and the number of teeth with PPD ≥4 mm (P=0.003) and the number of teeth with BOP (P=0.010). A positive correlation was also found between the change in the copy count of T. denticola and body weight (P=0.008), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.049), and fasting insulin (P=0.041). However, in the dietary intervention group the copy count of T. denticola decreased significantly (P=0.007) and there was no correlation between the number of periodontal disease-causing bacteria and PPD and BOP.

Conclusion: Our results are the first to show that exercise might contribute to improvements in periodontal disease.

Keywords: bacteria; intervention studies; lifestyle; metabolic syndrome; obesity; periodontal disease; periodontal status.

Figure 1

Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient between the change in periodontal tests and the copy count of Treponema denticola. (A) Correlation between the change in the copy count of T. denticola and the median percentage of the number of teeth with PPD ≥4 mm (correlation coefficient r=0.417, significant difference P=0.003). (B) Correlation between the change in the copy count of T. denticola and the median percentage of teeth with BOP (correlation coefficient r=0.362, significant difference P=0.010). Abbreviations: BOP, bleeding on probing; PPD, probing pocket depth.

Figure 2

Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient between the change in body weight and blood tests and the copy count of Treponema denticola. (A) Correlation between the change in the copy count of T. denticola and the change in body weight (correlation coefficient r=0.373, significant difference P=0.008). (B) Correlation between the change in the copy count of T. denticola and the change in LDL-C (correlation coefficient r=0.282, significant difference P=0.049). (C) Correlation between the change in the copy count of T. denticola and the change in fasting insulin (correlation coefficient r=0.293, significant difference P=0.041). Abbreviation: LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.