Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2018 Mar 29;18(4):1032.
doi: 10.3390/s18041032.

Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with "Green" Metals for Electrochemical Stripping Analysis of Toxic Elements

Anastasios Economou  1
Affiliations
Review

Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with "Green" Metals for Electrochemical Stripping Analysis of Toxic Elements

Anastasios Economou. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

This work reviews the field of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with "green" metals for electrochemical stripping analysis of toxic elements. Electrochemical stripping analysis has been established as a useful trace analysis technique offering many advantages compared to competing optical techniques. Although mercury has been the preferred electrode material for stripping analysis, the toxicity of mercury and the associated legal requirements in its use and disposal have prompted research towards the development of "green" metals as alternative electrode materials. When combined with the screen-printing technology, such environment-friendly metals can lead to disposable sensors for trace metal analysis with excellent operational characteristics. This review focuses on SPEs modified with Au, Bi, Sb, and Sn for stripping analysis of toxic elements. Different modification approaches (electroplating, bulk modification, use of metal precursors, microengineering techniques) are considered and representative applications are described. A developing related field, namely biosensing based on stripping analysis of metallic nanoprobe labels, is also briefly mentioned.

Keywords: antimony; bismuth; gold; screen-printed electrodes; stripping analysis; tin; toxic elements; “green” metals.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic illustration of the electrochemical DNA assay involving detection of PbI(II) released from PbS quantum dots at a Bi citrate modified SPE (reprinted with permission from [125]).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Barton J., González García M.B., Hernández Santos D., Fanjul-Bolado P., Ribotti A., McCaul M., Diamond D., Magni P. Screen-printed electrodes for environmental monitoring of heavy metal ions: A review. Microchim. Acta. 2016;183:503–517. doi: 10.1007/s00604-015-1651-0. - DOI
    1. Economou A., Kokkinos C. Advances in stripping analysis of metals. In: Arrigan D.W.M., editor. Electrochemical Strategies in Detection Science. Volume 6. The Royal Society of Chemistry; London, UK: 2016. pp. 1–18.
    1. Wang J. Stripping Analysis: Principles, Instrumentation and Applications. VCH; Deerfield Beach, FL, USA: 1985.
    1. Brainina K., Neyman E. Electroanalytical Stripping Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York, NY, USA: 1993.
    1. Wang J. Stripping-based electrochemical metal sensors for environmental monitoring. In: Alegret S., Merkoci A., editors. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry. Volume 49. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2007. pp. 131–141.

LinkOut - more resources