Anti-αIIb β3 immunization in Glanzmann thrombasthenia: review of literature and treatment recommendations

Abstract

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is caused by inherited defects of the α_IIb β₃ platelet glycoprotein. This bleeding disorder can be treated with platelet transfusion therapy, but some patients will be immunized and begin to form anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and/or anti-α_IIb β₃ antibodies. These antibodies can bind and interfere with the function of the transfused platelets, rendering treatment ineffective. However, platelet transfusion refractoriness attributable to HLA antibodies may be managed by the selection of compatible donors, although they are not always readily available, particularly in an emergency. Thus, anti-α_IIb β₃ antibodies represent one of the most severe complications in GT. Both genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the risk of anti-α_IIb β₃ development, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are still unknown. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the risk factors for development of anti-α_IIb β₃ antibodies in patients with GT and discuss how these findings may influence the clinical management of patients.

Keywords: Glanzmann thrombasthenia; immunization; platelet antibody; rFVIIa; αIIbβ3.