Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Comparative Study
. 2018 Apr 3;19(1):79.
doi: 10.1186/s12882-018-0879-4.

A novel citrate-based protocol versus heparin anticoagulation for sustained low-efficiency dialysis in the ICU: safety, efficacy, and cost

Ming Wen  1 , Claudius Küchle  2 , Dominik Steubl  3 , Robin Satanovskji  3 , Uwe Heemann  3 , Yana Suttmann  3 , Susanne Angermann  3 , Stephan Kemmner  3 , Lisa Rehbehn  3 , Monika Huber  3 , Christine Hauser  3 , Christoph Schmaderer  3 , Anna-Lena Reichelt  3 , Bernhard Haller  4 , Lutz Renders  3
Affiliations
Comparative Study

A novel citrate-based protocol versus heparin anticoagulation for sustained low-efficiency dialysis in the ICU: safety, efficacy, and cost

Ming Wen et al. BMC Nephrol. .

Abstract

Background: The high cost, complexity of the available protocols, and metabolic complications are the major barriers that impede the clinical utilization of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) for sustained low efficiency dialysis (SLED) in critically ill patients. By comparing a novel protocol for SLED using 30% citrate solution with common protocol using unfractionated heparin, this study aimed to provide new insights for clinical applications of RCA.

Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 282 critically ill patients who underwent SLED with citrate and/or heparin anticoagulation in six adult ICUs were enrolled. These patients were divided into three groups based on the anticoagulation regimens they had received during the treatment in ICU: Group 1 (Citrate) had only received treatment with citrate anticoagulation (n=75); Group 2 (Heparin) only with heparin anticoagulation (n=79); and Group 3 (Both) with both citrate and heparin anticoagulation (n=128). We compared the mortality, metabolic complications as well as cost among these groups using different anticoagulation regimens.

Results: The in-hospital mortality did not significantly differ among groups (p> 0.1). However, three patients in heparin group suffered from severe bleeding which led to death, while none in citrate group. Overall, 976 SLED sessions with heparin anticoagulation and 808 with citrate were analyzed. The incidence of extracorporeal circuit clotting was significantly less in citrate (5%), as compared to that in heparin (10%) (p< 0.001). Metabolic complications and hypotension which led to interruption of SLED occurred more frequently, though not significantly, in citrate (p= 0.06, p= 0.23). Furthermore, with 30% citrate solution, the cost of anticoagulant was reduced by 70% in comparison to previously reported protocol using Acid Citrate Dextrose solution A (ACD-A).

Conclusions: Our results indicated that anticoagulation regimens for SLED did not significantly affect the mortality of patients. Citrate anticoagulation was superior to heparin in preventing severe bleeding and circuit clotting. The protocol adopted in this study using 30% citrate solution was safe as well as efficacious. In the meantime, it was much more cost-efficient than other citrate-based protocol.

Keywords: Critically ill patients; Regional citrate anticoagulation; Sustained low-efficiency dialysis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the institutional ethical review boards of the University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (213/16 S). All necessary written consent was obtained from the patients at the admission to the hospital. If the patients were incapable of providing consent due to an acute or chronic illness, written consent was obtained from legal guardian.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

All authors have read and approved the submission. None of the authors received financial support or funding for these investigations. The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The in-hospital mortality among different anticoagulation regimens. Graphic illustrated the in-hospital mortality among different anticoagulation regimens. The predicted factor was the SAPS II score on ICU admission. Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression. Each dot on the scatterplot represents one patient
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Faulhaber-Walter R, Hafer C, Jahr N, Vahlbruch J, Hoy L, Haller H, Fliser D, Kielstein JT. The Hannover dialysis outcome study: comparison of standard versus intensified extended dialysis for treatment of patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(7):2179–2186. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfp035. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Berbece AN, Richardson RM. Sustained low-efficiency dialysis in the ICU: cost, anticoagulation, and solute removal. Kidney Int. 2006;70(5):963–968. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001700. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Holt BG, White JJ, Kuthiala A, Fall P, Szerlip HM. Sustained low-efficiency daily dialysis with hemofiltration for acute kidney injury in the presence of sepsis. Clin Nephrol. 2008;69(1):40–46. doi: 10.5414/CNP69040. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kielstein JT, Kretschmer U, Ernst T, Hafer C, Bahr MJ, Haller H, Fliser D. Efficacy and cardiovascular tolerability of extended dialysis in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(2):342–349. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2003.10.021. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Parenti E, Giacosa R, Picetti E, Rotelli C, Tagliavini D, Cabassi A. Sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) with prostacyclin in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(2):529–537. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfl627. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types