Racial/ethnic representation in lifestyle weight loss intervention studies in the United States: A systematic review

Abstract

Obesity remains a persistent public health and health disparity concern in the United States. Eliminating health disparities, particularly among racial/ethnic minority groups, is a major health priority in the US. The primary aim of this review was to evaluate representation of racial/ethnic sub-group members in behavioral weight loss interventions conducted among adults in the United States. The secondary aims were to assess recruitment and study design approaches to include racial/ethnic groups and the extent of racial/ethnic sub-group analyses conducted in these studies. PubMed, PsycInfo, Medline, and CINAHL were searched for behavioral weight loss intervention trials conducted in 2009-2015 using keywords: weight, loss, overweight, obese, intervention and trial. Most of the 94 studies included a majority of White participants compared to any other racial/ethnic group. Across the included studies, 58.9% of participants were White, 18.2% were African American, 8.7% were Hispanic/Latino, 5.0% were Asian and 1.0% were Native Americans. An additional 8.2% were categorized as "Other". Nine of the 94 studies exclusively included minority samples. Lack of adequate representation of racial and ethnic minority populations in behavioral trials limits the generalizability and potential public health impact of these interventions to groups that might most benefit from weight loss. Given racial/ethnic disparities in obesity rates and the burden of obesity and obesity-related diseases among minority groups in the United States, greater inclusion in weight loss intervention studies is warranted.

Keywords: Intervention; Minority health; Race/ethnicity; Review; Weight loss.

Fig. 1

Flow diagram of article inclusion and exclusion.

Fig. 2

Number of articles that reported specific racial/ethnic categories and the percent of the total sample of each category represented in behavioral weight loss intervention studies in the United States between 2009 and 2015 (n = 94).

Fig. 3

Boxplots of distributions of the sample size percenatge of racial/ethnic categories among behavioral weight loss interventions in the United States 2009–2015 (n = 94).