Associations of Smoking, Moderate Alcohol Use, and Function: A 20-Year Cohort Study of Older Women

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether the health effects of smoking and moderate alcohol use persist with aging. Method: Smoking status, alcohol use, and measures of function and health were obtained from 9,704 women aged ≥65 years at baseline and over 10- and 20-year follow-up periods. Adjusted multiple linear and logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models estimated associations. Results: Current versus never smokers had worse walking speed, self-reported health, difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and depression at 10 years and higher death rates at 10 and 20 years. Moderate versus never drinkers had better grip strength, walking speed, self-reported health, and less difficulty with IADLs and were less likely to live in nursing homes at 10 years and die at 10 and 20 years. Discussion: Among aging women over 20 years, smoking is associated with worse physical function, including death, while moderate alcohol use is associated with better outcomes.

Keywords: active life/physical activity; alcohol; depression; epidemiology; falls; institutionalization; mortality; smoking.

Figure 1.

Function outcomes of alcohol users versus quitters at 10-year and 20-year follow-up. Note. Drinking status was determined at the 10-year follow-up interval, and prevalence rates were measured at 10-year and 20-year follow-up intervals. IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living. *Indicates statistically significant difference between prevalence rates of alcohol user and quitter groups measured at 10-year follow-up. Differences measured at 20 years are not statistically significant.

Figure A1.

Participant flow chart. Note. SOF = Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.