Physiological and Functional Alterations after Spaceflight and Bed Rest

Abstract

Introduction: Exposure to microgravity causes alterations in multiple physiological systems, potentially impacting the ability of astronauts to perform critical mission tasks. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of spaceflight on functional task performance and to identify the key physiological factors contributing to their deficits.

Methods: A test battery comprised of seven functional tests and 15 physiological measures was used to investigate the sensorimotor, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular adaptations to spaceflight. Astronauts were tested before and after 6-month spaceflights. Subjects were also tested before and after 70 d of 6° head-down bed rest, a spaceflight analog, to examine the role of axial body unloading on the spaceflight results. These subjects included control and exercise groups to examine the effects of exercise during bed rest.

Results: Spaceflight subjects showed the greatest decrement in performance during functional tasks that required the greatest demand for dynamic control of postural equilibrium which was paralleled by similar decrements in sensorimotor tests that assessed postural and dynamic gait control. Other changes included reduced lower limb muscle performance and increased HR to maintain blood pressure. Exercise performed during bed rest prevented detrimental change in neuromuscular and cardiovascular function; however, both bed rest groups experienced functional and balance deficits similar to spaceflight subjects.

Conclusion: Bed rest data indicate that body support unloading experienced during spaceflight contributes to postflight postural control dysfunction. Further, the bed rest results in the exercise group of subjects confirm that resistance and aerobic exercises performed during spaceflight can play an integral role in maintaining neuromuscular and cardiovascular functions, which can help in reducing decrements in functional performance. These results indicate that a countermeasure to mitigate postflight postural control dysfunction is required to maintain functional performance.

FIGURE 1

Functional tests used in this study included: (A) Seat Egress and Walk, (B) Recovery from Fall/Stand, (C) Object Translation, (D) Jump Down, (E) Ladder Climb, (F) Activity Board, (G) Hatch Opening.

FIGURE 2

Median change in performance of ISS astronauts, and bed rest subjects without (control) and with exercise, on functional tests before (pre) and after (post) spaceflight or bed rest.

FIGURE 3

Median change in performance of ISS astronauts, and bed rest subjects without (control) and with exercise, on cardiovascular system tests before (pre) and after (post) spaceflight or bed rest.

FIGURE 4

Median change in performance of ISS astronauts, and bed rest subjects without (control) and with exercise, on muscle performance tests before (pre) and after (post) spaceflight or bed rest.

FIGURE 5

Median change in performance of ISS astronauts, and bed rest subjects without (control) and with exercise, on sensorimotor tests before (pre) and after (post) spaceflight or bed rest.