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. 2018 Apr 10;17(1):76.
doi: 10.1186/s12944-018-0726-4.

The effects of seed from Linum usitatissimum cultivar with increased phenylpropanoid compounds and hydrolysable tannin in a high cholesterol-fed rabbit

Bożena Króliczewska  1 , Dorota Miśta  1 , Angelika Ziarnik  2 , Magdalena Żuk  3 , Jan Szopa  4 , Ewa Pecka-Kiełb  1 , Wojciech Zawadzki  1 , Jarosław Króliczewski  5
Affiliations

The effects of seed from Linum usitatissimum cultivar with increased phenylpropanoid compounds and hydrolysable tannin in a high cholesterol-fed rabbit

Bożena Króliczewska et al. Lipids Health Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Dietary fat is considered one of the most important factors associated with blood lipid metabolism and plays a significant role in the cause and prevention of atherosclerosis that has been widely accepted as an inflammatory disease of the vascular system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of genetically modified flaxseed (W86) rich in phenylpropanoid compounds and hydrolysable tannin in high cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis rabbit models compared to parental cultivar Linola.

Methods: Twenty-Eight White New Zealand white rabbits aged 6 months were randomly divided into four groups, control group, high cholesterol group (10 g/kg), Linola flaxseed group (100 g/kg) and W86 flaxseed group (100 g/kg). The rabbits were fed a normal diet or a high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks. Levels of blood lipids, hematological values, total antioxidative status and superoxide dismutase activity in serum were determined. Moreover, body weight and feed intake were measured after sixth and tenth weeks. After each stage of the experiment atherogenic indexes (non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and atherogenic index of plasma) was calculated.

Results: The intake of a dyslipidaemic diet negatively influenced lipid profile in rabbits at the 10 weeks of feeding. W86 flaxseed significantly decreased total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and TG serum levels in cholesterolemic rabbits compared with parental Linola after 10 weeks. Atherogenic indexes decreased over time with a significant difference between the diets and they were the best for W86 flaxseed. Similarly, the experimental addition of W86 significantly decreased atherogenic predictors such as heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the mean platelet volume-to-lymphocyte ratio. In rabbits, W86 flaxseed increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidative status compared to Linola.

Conclusions: Results of the presented study suggest that the addition of W86 flaxseed alleviate serum lipid changes in high cholesterolemic diet-administered rabbits. W86 flaxseed significantly reduced atherogenic indexes, as compared with the Linola and indicate that W86 flaxseed more effectively red CVD risk factors during hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, the presented result suggested that W86 flaxseed can be a part of a heart-healthy and antiatherogenic diet for the human.

Keywords: Cholesterol; Diet; Flaxseed; GMO; Lipid profile.

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Conflict of interest statement

Authors’ information

Not applicable.

Ethics approval

This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations of institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the principals of Replacement. Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) [75]. The protocol was approved by the Second Wrocław Local Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland (Permit Number 60/2013 of 15 July 2013).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following conflicts: Angelika Ziarnik has paid employment at Sanitary and Epidemiological Inspection, Legnica, Poland. The other authors have no competing interests. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the BioMed Central policies on sharing data and materials.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Predictors of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome. Comparison of HLR (a) PLR (b) and MPVLR ratio (c) between groups. Error bars represent standard deviations. Results are expressed as the means ± SD; statistically different values are marked with lower case letters (6 weeks) or capital letters (10 weeks) when a significant interaction was observed. Significant changes in the same group between 6 and 10 weeks (p < 0.05) are marked with an asterisk
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effects of flaxseed on atherogenic indexes in rabbits fed hypercholesterolemic diet. a non-HDL-C/HDL-C, b LDL-C/HDL-C ratios and c AIP index of rabbits fed control diet (CTRL), high cholesterol diet (CHOL) and high cholesterol diet supplemented with flaxseed of Linola (LIN) or Linola W86 derivative (W86). Results are expressed as the means ± SD; statistically different values are marked with lower case letters (6 weeks) or capital letters when a significant interaction in 10 weeks was observed. Significant changes in the same group between 6 and 10 weeks (p < 0.05) are marked with an asterisk
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