Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Observational Study
. 2018 Apr 17;18(1):508.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5435-4.

An observational study of immigrant mortality differences in Norway by reason for migration, length of stay and characteristics of sending countries

Astri Syse  1 , Minja T Dzamarija  2 , Bernadette N Kumar  3 , Esperanza Diaz  3   4
Affiliations
Observational Study

An observational study of immigrant mortality differences in Norway by reason for migration, length of stay and characteristics of sending countries

Astri Syse et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Knowledge of mortality differentials in immigrant groups depending on their reason for migration, length of stay in host countries and characteristics of sending countries may be beneficial for policy interventions aimed to improve various immigrant groups' health and welfare.

Methods: We employed discrete-time hazard regression models with time-varying covariates to compare the death risk of immigrants to those of Norwegian-born natives using linked register data on the Norwegian population aged 25-79 during 1990-2015. More than 492,000 deaths occurred in around 4.6 million individuals. All analyses were adjusted for sex, age, calendar time and sociodemographic characteristics.

Results: Immigrants had an 11% survival advantage overall. Those immigrating due to work or education had the lowest death risk, whereas refugees had the highest death risk (albeit lower than that of natives). Death risks increased markedly with length of stay, and were most pronounced for those having spent more than 40% of their lives in Norway. Net of reason for migration, only minor differences were observed depending on Human Development Index characteristics of sending countries.

Conclusion: Independent of reason for migration and characteristics of sending countries, those who immigrate to Norway in adulthood appear to be particularly healthy. The higher death risk associated with prolonged lengths of stay suggests that disadvantageous 'acculturation' or stress factors related to the post-migration period may play a role in the long run. The health and welfare of long-term immigrants thus warrants further research.

Keywords: Acculturation; Healthy migrant; Immigrant; Length of stay; Mortality; Norway; Reason for migration; Social causation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Authors’ information

AS is a Senior Researcher at Statistics Norway, focusing on inequalities in health, morbidity and mortality. She holds a PhD in community medicine. MTD is a Senior Advisor and responsible for immigration statistics at Statistics Norway. She holds detailed knowledge of the data sources used, including their strengths and weaknesses. BNK is a MD/PHD. She is a Researcher at the Norwegian Centre for Migration and Health (NAKMI), at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), and an Associate Professor at the Department of Global Health at the University of Oslo. ED is a MD/PhD with a specialization in Family Medicine. She is the Deputy Director of NAKMI, NIPH, and is an Associate Professor at the Department for Global Public Health and Primary Care at the University of Bergen.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The data linkage and analyses have been conducted in accordance with the Norwegian 1989 Statistics Act, §3–1 c, conf. §§ 1–1 and 2–2, and has been approved by the Norwegian Board of Ethics. As only administrative data were used, the Norwegian Board of Ethics waived the need for informed consent. The research was carried out in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Relative risk of death for immigrants by reason for migration compared to natives. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for sex, age group, calendar period, education, parental and marital status. OR = 1 for natives
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Relative risk of death for immigrants by length of stay in Norway compared to natives. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for sex, age group, calendar period, education, parental and marital status. OR = 1 for natives
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Relative risk of death for immigrants by age at migration compared to natives. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals, adjusted for sex, age group, calendar period, education, parental and marital status. OR = 1 for natives
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
a Relative risk of death by reason for migration and length of stay. b Relative risk of death by reason for migration and age at migration. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for immigrants who came as refugees, for family reunification, labor or education, by a) length of stay and b) age at migration, adjusted for sex, age group, time period, education, parental and marital status. OR = 1 for natives
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Relative risk of death by reason for migration and HDI of country of origin. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for immigrants who came as refugees, for family reunification, labor or education, by Human Development Index (HDI) of country group of origin, adjusted for sex, age group, calendar period, education, parental and marital status. OR = 1 for natives
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Rechel B, Mladovsky P, Ingleby D, Mackenbach JP, McKee M. Migration and health in an increasingly diverse Europe. Lancet. 2013;381(9873):1235–1245. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62086-8. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fuller-Thomson E, Brennenstuhl S, Cooper R, Kuh D. An investigation of the healthy migrant hypothesis: pre-emigration characteristics of those in the British 1946 birth cohort study. Can J Public Health. 2016;106(8):e502–e508. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lindström DP, Ramirez AL. Pioneers and followers: migrant selectivity and the development of U.S. migration streams in Latin America. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 2010;630(1):53–77. doi: 10.1177/0002716210368103. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Omariba DW, Ng E, Vissandjee B. Differences between immigrants at various durations of residence and host population in all-cause mortality, Canada 1991-2006. Popul Stud. 2014;68(3):339–357. doi: 10.1080/00324728.2014.915050. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wallace M, Kulu H. Low immigrant mortality in England and Wales: a data artefact? Soc Sci Med. 2014;120:100–109. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.032. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types