Unraveling the Mechanism of 1,3-Diyne Cross-Metathesis Catalyzed by Silanolate-Supported Tungsten Alkylidyne Complexes

Abstract

The benzylidyne complex [PhC≡W{OSi(OtBu)₃ }₃ ] (1) catalyzed the cross-metathesis between 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-butadiyne (2) and symmetrical 1,3-diynes (3) efficiently, which gave access to TMS-capped 1,3-diynes RC≡C-C≡CSiMe₃ (4). Diyne cross-metathesis (DYCM) studies with ¹³ C-labeled diyne PhC≡¹³ C-¹³ C≡CPh (3*) revealed that this reaction proceeds through reversible carbon-carbon triple-bond cleavage and formation according to the conventional mechanism of alkyne metathesis. The reaction between 1 and 3* afforded the 3-phenylpropynylidyne complex PhC≡¹³ C-¹³ C≡W{OSi(OtBu)₃ }₃ ] (5*), indicating that alkynylalkylidyne complexes are likely to act as catalytically active species. Attempts to isolate 5* from mixtures of 1 and 3* afforded crystals of the ditungsten 2-butyne-1,4-diylidyne complex [(tBuO)₃ SiO}₃ W≡¹³ C-¹³ C≡¹³ C-¹³ C≡W{OSi(OtBu)₃ }₃ ] (6*), which was additionally characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Depolymerization-macrocyclization of a carbazole-butadiyne polymer, obtained from 3,6-diethynyl-9-dodecylcarbazole (7) under copper-catalyzed Hay coupling conditions, was also efficiently catalyzed by 1 and afforded a mixture of mono-, diyne- and triyne-containing tetrameric macrocycles, revealing that diyne disproportionation into monoynes and triynes occurs as a slow side reaction that interferes with a high diyne metathesis selectivity. Potential catalytic pathways were studied by means of quantum-chemical calculations, and kinetic studies were performed to substantiate an α,α-mechanism for the catalytic diyne metathesis reaction, which involves intermediate alkynylalkylidyne and α,α'-dialkynylmetallacyclobutadiene intermediates.

Keywords: alkylidyne complexes; alkyne metathesis; diynes; synthesis; tungsten.