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. 2018 Feb 25:2018:3174868.
doi: 10.1155/2018/3174868. eCollection 2018.

An Increased Frequency in HLA Class I Alleles and Haplotypes Suggests Genetic Susceptibility to Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Pandemic: A Case-Control Study

Ramcés Falfán-Valencia  1 , Arun Narayanankutty  1 , Juan M Reséndiz-Hernández  1 , Gloria Pérez-Rubio  1 , Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas  2 , Karol J Nava-Quiroz  1 , Nora E Bautista-Félix  2 , Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón  3 , Manuel D J Castillejos-López  4 , Andrés Hernández  4
Affiliations

An Increased Frequency in HLA Class I Alleles and Haplotypes Suggests Genetic Susceptibility to Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Pandemic: A Case-Control Study

Ramcés Falfán-Valencia et al. J Immunol Res. .

Abstract

Background: The influenza A H1N1/09 pandemic infected a small number of exposed individuals, which suggests the involvement of genetic factors. There are scarce data available on classical HLA class I association with the influenza A H1N1/09 pandemic.

Methods: We analyzed the frequency of classical HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in A H1N1/09 influenza in a case-control study including 138 influenza patients (INF-P) and 225 asymptomatic healthy contacts (INF-C) simultaneously recruited. HLA class I typing was performed by high-resolution sequence-based typing method.

Results: Our analysis revealed higher frequency of C∗07:02:01, B∗39:06:02, C∗03:02:01, B∗44:03:01, B∗51:01:05, and B∗73:01 (p < 0.05; OR = 1.84-9.98) and of two haplotypes-A∗68:01:02-C∗07:02:01 (p = 1.05E - 05; OR = 23.99) and B∗35:01:01-C∗07:02.01 (p = 4.15E - 04, OR = 2.15)-in A H1N1/09 influenza subjects. A∗68:01:01 was exclusively present only in the INF-P group (5/138). A decrease in the frequency of C∗03:03:01, A∗11:01:01, B∗39:01:01, A∗24:02:01, C∗03:04:01, B∗51:01:01, and C∗07:01:01 (p < 0.05; OR = 0.12-0.52) and of haplotypes A∗02:01:01-B∗35:01:01-C∗04:01:01, A∗24:02:01-B∗35:01:01, B∗39:01:01-C∗07:02:01, and B∗40:02:01-C∗03:04:01 (p < 0.05; OR = 0.08-0.22) were observed in INF-P group.

Conclusion: Selective classical HLA class I allele and haplotype combinations predispose individuals towards susceptibility or protection against the influenza A H1N1/09 pandemic. This work has significant implications for accessing population transmission risk for A H1N1/09 or a similar strain breakout in the future.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Selection criteria for both influenza A H1N1/09 patient (INF-P) and contact (INF-C) groups. INF-P: influenza patients; INF-C: influenza contacts; HI: hemagglutination inhibition; RT-PCR: RT-PCR: real-time polymerase chain reaction, also called quantitative PCR (qPCR).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Depiction of influenza A H1N1/09 patient (INF-P) and contact (INF-C) organized to three strata based on their region of origin. INF-P: influenza patients; INF-C: influenza contacts.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Allele frequency distribution in general Mexican mestizo population compared to influenza A H1N1/09 patient (INF-P) and contact (INF-C). Statistically significant alleles in the comparison of INF-P to INF-C with available 6-digit allele frequency data for Mexican mestizo population are included. INF-P: influenza patients; INF-C: influenza contacts; HLA: human leukocyte antigen. ∗ p value < 0.05; ∗∗ p value < 0.01. All p values were obtained by Fisher exact two-tailed test.
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