Overnight sleep duration and obesity in 2-5 year-old American Indian children

Abstract

Background: Sleep has emerged as a potentially modifiable risk factor for obesity in children.

Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the association between overnight sleep duration and obesity among American Indian (AI) children ages 2-5 years.

Methods: Data were examined from the baseline assessment of children enrolling in the Healthy Children, Strong Families study, which is a randomized lifestyle intervention trial in five diverse rural and urban AI communities nationally among children ages 2-5 years. Multivariable models were built to assess the relationship between sleep duration and BMI z-score while controlling for potential sociodemographic and behavioural covariates.

Results: Three hundred and ninety-eight children had sufficient data to be included in analysis. In multivariable models controlling for potential covariates, overnight sleep duration was significantly and inversely associated with BMI z-score (B = -0.158, t = -1.774, P = 0.006). Similarly, when controlling for covariates, children who slept 12 or more hours had significantly lower BMI z-scores compared with those who slept 8 to 10 h (P = 0.018) or less than 8 h (P = 0.035); the difference between 12+ hours and 10 to 12-h groups did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.073) but supported a linear relationship between overnight sleep duration and BMI. Weekday-to-weekend variability in overnight sleep duration was not associated with BMI z-score (B = 0.010, t = 0.206, P = 0.837).

Conclusions: Overnight sleep duration is independently and inversely related to BMI z-score among AI children ages 2-5 years, even when controlling for important sociodemographic and obesogenic lifestyle factors. This represents the first report, to our knowledge, of sleep duration as a risk factor for obesity among AI children.

Keywords: American Indian; obesity; paediatric; sleep duration.

Figure 1.

Relationship between overnight sleep duration and child BMI z-score in a multivariable model. Covariates included in the model are gender, site, age, family income, caregiver education, caregiver BMI, FNPA domain scores (meal patterns, eating habits, food choices, beverage choices, restriction/reward, screen time and monitoring, healthy environment, family activity behavior, and child activity behavior). In total, 398 children were included in the model.