B Cell Modulation Strategies in Autoimmune Diseases: New Concepts

Abstract

B cells are major effector cells in autoimmunity through antibody production, T cell help and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Major advances have been made in human B cell biology knowledge using rituximab and type II new anti-CD20 antibodies, anti-CD19 antibodies, anti-CD22 antibodies, autoantigen specific B cell depleting therapy (chimeric antigen receptor T cells), and B cell receptor signaling inhibition (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors). However, in certain circumstances B cell depleting therapy may lead to the worsening of the autoimmune disease which is in accordance with the existence of a regulatory B cell population. Current concepts and future directions for B cell modulating therapies in autoimmune diseases with a special focus on pemphigus are discussed.

Keywords: B cell; B cell depletion; autoantibodies; autoimmunity; regulatory B cell.

Figure 1

Dual mechanisms of B cell depletion: 1: elimination of autoreactive B cells; 2: induction of regulatory B cells.

Figure 2

Chimeric auto antibody receptor (CAAR) T cell.