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. 2018 Apr 19:10:33.
doi: 10.1186/s13098-018-0335-4. eCollection 2018.

Hookah smoking is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity: a population-based study

Sara Saffar Soflaei #  1 , Susan Darroudi #  2 , Maryam Tayefi #  3 , Abolfazl Nosrati Tirkani  4 , Mohsen Moohebati  3   5 , Mahmoud Ebrahimi  5 , Habibollah Esmaily  3   6 , Seyed Mohammad Reza Parizadeh  3 , Ali Reza Heidari-Bakavoli  3 , Gordon A Ferns  7 , Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan  1   4   8
Affiliations

Hookah smoking is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity: a population-based study

Sara Saffar Soflaei et al. Diabetol Metab Syndr. .

Abstract

Objectives: The adverse effects of cigarette smoking have been widely studied before, whilst the effects of hookah smoking has received less attention, although it is a common habit in the Middle East. Here we have investigated the effects of cigarette and hookah smoking on biochemical characteristics in a representative population sample derived from the Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) cohort study, from Northeastern Iran.

Study design: A total of 9840 subjects from the MASHAD population study were allocated to five groups; non-smokers (6742), ex-smokers (976), cigarette smokers (864), hookah smokers (1067), concomitant cigarette and hookah smokers (41).

Methods: Baseline characteristics were recorded in a questionnaire. Biochemical characteristics were measured by routine methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: After adjustment for age and sex; the presence of CVD, obesity, metabolic syndrome, DM and dyslipidemia were significantly (p < 0.001) related to smoking status. After multivariate analysis, HDL (p < 0.001), WBC (p < 0.001), MCV (p < 0.05), PLT (p < 0.01) and RDW (p < 0.001), and the presence of CVD (p < 0.01), obesity (p < 0.001), metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05) and DM (p < 0.01) remained significant between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Between hookah smokers and non-smokers; uric acid (p < 0.001), PLT (p < 0.05) and RDW (p < 0.05), and the presence of obesity (p < 0.01), metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001), diabetes (p < 0.01) and dyslipidemia (p < 0.01) remained significant after logistic regression.

Conclusion: There was a positive association between hookah smoking and metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia which was not established in cigarette smoking.

Keywords: Biochemical measurements; Cigarette; Diabetes; Dyslipidemia; Hookah; Metabolic syndrome; Smoking; Water-pipe.

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