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. 2018 May 1;13(5):e0196095.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196095. eCollection 2018.

Dissection of genotype × environment interactions for mucilage and seed yield in Plantago species: Application of AMMI and GGE biplot analyses

Zolfaghar Shahriari  1 , Bahram Heidari  1 , Ali Dadkhodaie  1
Affiliations

Dissection of genotype × environment interactions for mucilage and seed yield in Plantago species: Application of AMMI and GGE biplot analyses

Zolfaghar Shahriari et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Genotype × environment interaction (GEI) is an important aspect of both plant breeding and the successful introduction of new cultivars. In the present study, additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and genotype (G) main effects and genotype (G) × environment (E) interaction (GGE) biplot analyses were used to identify stable genotypes and to dissect GEI in Plantago. In total, 10 managed field trials were considered as environments to analyze GEI in thirty genotypes belonging to eight Plantago species. Genotypes were evaluated in a drought stress treatment and in normal irrigation conditions at two locations in Shiraz (Bajgah) for three years (2013-2014- 2015) and Kooshkak (Marvdasht, Fars, Iran) for two years (2014-2015). Three traits, seed yield and mucilage yield and content, were measured at each experimental site and in natural Plantago habitats. AMMI2 biplot analyses identified genotypes from several species with higher stability for seed yield and other genotypes with stable mucilage content and yield. P. lanceolata (G26), P. officinalis (G10), P. ovata (G14), P. ampleexcaulis (G11) and P. major (G4) had higher stability for seed yield. For mucilage yield, G21, G18 and G20 (P. psyllium), G1, G2 and G4 (P. major), G9 and G10 (P. officinalis) and P. lanceolata were identified as stable. G13 (P. ovata), G5 and G6 (P. major) and G30 (P. lagopus) had higher stability for mucilage content. No one genotype was found to have high levels of stability for more than one trait but some species had more than one genotype exhibiting stable trait performance. Based on trait variation, GGE biplot analysis identified two representative environments, one for seed yield and one for mucilage yield and content, with good discriminating ability. The identification of stable genotypes and representative environments should assist the breeding of new Plantago cultivars.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. AMMI1 biplot for seed yield (g m-2) in 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 2
Fig 2. AMMI1 biplot for mucilage yield (g m-2) of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 3
Fig 3. AMMI1 biplot for mucilage content (% of 100 g seed) of 30 Plantago genotypes P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 4
Fig 4. AMMI2 biplot for seed yield (g m-2) of 30 Plantago genotypes P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 5
Fig 5. AMMI2 Biplot for mucilage yield (g m-2) of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 6
Fig 6. AMMI2 Biplot for mucilage content (per 100 g seeds) of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) and 10 environments (E).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 7
Fig 7. The which-won-where polygon view of the GGE biplot for seed yield of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to show which genotype performed best in which environment and meaningful mega environment.
The perpendicular of the polygon facilitates the visualize comparison of distance between genotypes and environments. Different mega environments located in different biplot sectors, Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 8
Fig 8. The which-won-where polygon view of the GGE biplot for mucilage yield of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to show which genotypes performed best in which environment and meaningful mega environment.
The perpendicular of the polygon facilitates the visualize comparison of distance between genotypes and environments. Different mega environments located in different biplot sectors. Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 9
Fig 9. The which-won-where polygon view of the GGE biplot for mucilage content of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to show which genotypes performed best in which environment and meaningful mega environment.
The perpendicular of the polygon facilitates the visualize comparison of distance between genotypes and environments. Different mega environments located in different biplot sectors. Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 10
Fig 10. The discrimination and representativeness view of the GGE biplot based on environment-focused scaling for seed yield of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to rank test environments relative to an ideal test environments (represented by center of concentric circles).
Fig 11
Fig 11. The discrimination and representativeness view of the GGE biplot based on environment-focused scaling for mucilage yield of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to rank test environments relative to an ideal test environments (represented by center of concentric circles).
Fig 12
Fig 12. The discrimination and representativeness view of the GGE biplot based on environment-focused scaling for mucilage content of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to rank test environments relative to an ideal test environments (represented by center of concentric circles).
Fig 13
Fig 13. The average environment coordination (AEC) view of GGE biplot based on genotype-focused scaling for seed yield if 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to rank genotypes relative to an ideal genotype (The center of the concentric circles).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 14
Fig 14. The average environment coordination (AEC) view of GGE biplot based on genotype-focused scaling for mucilage content of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to rank genotypes relative to an ideal genotype (The center of the concentric circles).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
Fig 15
Fig 15. The average environment coordination (AEC) view of GGE biplot based on genotype-focused scaling for mucilage content of 30 Plantago genotypes (P. major, G1- G7; P. officinalis, G8-G10; P. amplexicaulis, G11; P. ovata, G12-G16; P. psyllium, G17-G21; P. lanceolata, G22-G26; P. coronopus, G27- G28; P. lagopus, G29- G30) under 10 environments (E) to rank genotypes relative to an ideal genotype (The center of the concentric circles).
Köppen-Geiger climate classification [45] letter: B: arid, s: summer dry, k: cold arid.
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