Behavioral activation therapy during transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depressive disorder

Abstract

Background: Behavioral Activation (BA) Therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) have each been shown to be effective in the treatment of adult outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Combining both treatments may produce synergistic antidepressant outcomes.

Methods: We developed a new protocol for incorporating a simplified version of BA during a standard 6-week course of TMS and it was pilot tested in 11 consecutively treated outpatients with treatment resistant depression (TRD). BA was delivered in a 5-10 min interval daily prior to the start of TMS. Engagement in BA was measured by tracking the setting and attainment of between session "goals" during the course of TMS treatment. The Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (IDS-SR), the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) were used to measure overall symptom improvement.

Results: Patients who underwent a combined BA + TMS protocol demonstrated an average goal completion rate of 77% along with overall symptom improvement as demonstrated by an average decrease of 47%, 55%, and 39% in IDS-SR, PHQ-9, and SHAPS scores respectively. BA was easily incorporated into the daily routine of administering TMS procedures.

Limitations: There is inadequate power in this current investigation to compare treatment efficacy of BA + TMS to TMS alone.

Conclusion: Incorporation of a modified version of BA therapy into a standard acute course of TMS therapy is feasible, well tolerated, and holds potential for augmenting the efficacy of TMS treatment for patients with TRD.

Keywords: Behavioral activation therapy; Major depressive disorder; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.