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. 2018 Aug 1:631-632:1457-1464.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.060. Epub 2018 Mar 28.

Contamination profiles, mass loadings, and sewage epidemiology of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs in wastewater and river waters from a community in the Midwestern United States

Allie J Skees  1 , Katelyn S Foppe  1 , Bommanna Loganathan  2 , Bikram Subedi  3
Affiliations

Contamination profiles, mass loadings, and sewage epidemiology of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs in wastewater and river waters from a community in the Midwestern United States

Allie J Skees et al. Sci Total Environ. .

Abstract

In this study, residues of the neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs including stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens, antischizophrenics, sedatives, and antidepressants were determined in influent and effluent samples from a small wastewater treatment plant, a receiving creek, and river waters in the Four Rivers region of the Midwestern United States. Nineteen neuropsychiatric drugs, eight illicit drugs, and three metabolites of illicit drugs were detected and quantitated in the water samples using HPLC-MS/MS. Residual concentrations of the drugs varied from below the detection limit to sub-μg/L levels. The source of residual cocaine and benzoylecgonine in wastewater is primarily from human consumption of cocaine rather than direct disposal. Wastewater based epidemiology is utilized to estimate the community usage of drugs based on the concentration of drug residues in wastewater, wastewater inflow, and the population served by the centralized wastewater treatment plant. The per-capita consumption rate of methamphetamine (1740 mg/d/1000 people) and amphetamine (970 mg/d/1000 people) found in this study were the highest reported per-capita consumption rates in the USA. Antidepressant venlafaxine found to have the highest environmental emission from the WWTP (333 ± 160 mg/d/1000 people) followed by citalopram (132 ± 60.2 mg/d/1000 people), methamphetamine (111 ± 43.6 mg/d/1000 people), and hydrocodone (108 ± 90.1 mg/d/1000 people). Bee Creek, an immediate receiving water body, is found to be a source of several neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs including methamphetamine, methadone, alprazolam, oxazepam, temazepam, carbamazepine, venlafaxine, citalopram, sertraline, oxycodone, and hydrocodone (p < 0.036) in the Clarks River.

Keywords: Community consumption; Illicit drugs; River water; Sewage epidemiology; Wastewater; Wastewater treatment plant.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Sampling sites (★) at wastewater treatment plant, the Bee Creek, and the Clarks River. (Figure is modified from Loganathan et al. (2009).)
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Percentage recoveries (n=3) of spiked analytes in wastewater and river water.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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