Pathophysiological Links Between Diabetes and Blood Pressure

Abstract

Hypertension is highly prevalent among people with diabetes, and the presence of diabetes among those with hypertension portends an increase in cardiovascular risk. In this review we aim to explore the pathophysiological links between diabetes and hypertension. Renal sodium handling differs in diabetes because there is an upregulation of sodium transporters in the kidneys. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be upregulated in diabetes, leading to hypertension through a direct effect mediated by angiotensin II, as well as indirectly through upregulation of sympathetic activity. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade is a mainstay therapy for hypertension, and evidence suggests that it might also reduce the incidence of diabetes. People with diabetes frequently have autonomic dysfunction, which could contribute to hypertension through increased sympathetic tone and through stimulation of renin production in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Furthermore, people with diabetes also frequently show an abnormality in their circadian blood pressure pattern. Another important link between hypertension and diabetes is the development as well as progression of diabetic kidney disease, the pathophysiology of which is mediated through several pathways including endothelial dysfunction and advanced glycation end products. Finally, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, through their effects on various hormones and inflammation, might also contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension and diabetes.