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Review
. 2018 Apr 13;9(28):20156-20164.
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.24948.

Lysyl oxidase family members in urological tumorigenesis and fibrosis

Tao Li  1   2 , Changjing Wu  1 , Liang Gao  3 , Feng Qin  1 , Qiang Wei  2 , Jiuhong Yuan  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Lysyl oxidase family members in urological tumorigenesis and fibrosis

Tao Li et al. Oncotarget. .

Abstract

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular copper-dependent monoamine oxidase that catalyzes crosslinking of soluble collagen and elastin into insoluble, mature fibers. Lysyl oxidase-like proteins (LOXL), LOX isozymes with partial structural homology, exhibit similar catalytic activities. This review summarizes recent findings describing the roles of LOX family members in urological cancers and fibrosis. LOX/LOXL play key roles in extracellular matrix stability and integrity, which is essential for normal female pelvic floor function. LOX/LOXL inhibition may reverse kidney fibrosis and ischemic priapism. LOX and LOXL2 reportedly promote kidney carcinoma tumorigenesis, while LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL4 suppress bladder cancer growth. Multiple studies agree that the LOX propeptide may suppress tumor growth, but the role of LOX in prostate cancer remains controversial. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact effects and mechanism of LOX/LOXL on urological malignancies.

Keywords: collagen; fibrosis; lysyl oxidase; tumorigenesis; urological cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. LOX regulation
DHT: dihydrotestosterone; GDF-9: growth differentiation factor-9; IL-4: interleukin-4; HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1α; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; AGE-DTF: advanced glycation end products-dependent transcription factor; PCP: procollagen enzyme C; ROS: reactive oxygen specie; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; +: stimulation; –: inhibition.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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