Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2018 May 9;5(5):CD004945.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub4.

Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term

Philippa Middleton  1 , Emily Shepherd, Caroline A Crowther
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term

Philippa Middleton et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

  • Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation.
    Middleton P, Shepherd E, Morris J, Crowther CA, Gomersall JC. Middleton P, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jul 15;7(7):CD004945. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub5. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020. PMID: 32666584 Free PMC article.

Abstract

Background: Beyond term, the risks of stillbirth or neonatal death increase. It is unclear whether a policy of labour induction can reduce these risks. This Cochrane review is an update of a review that was originally published in 2006 and subsequently updated in 2012 OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of a policy of labour induction at or beyond term compared with a policy of awaiting spontaneous labour or until an indication for birth induction of labour is identified) on pregnancy outcomes for infant and mother.

Search methods: We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (9 October 2017), and reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in pregnant women at or beyond term, comparing a policy of labour induction with a policy of awaiting spontaneous onset of labour (expectant management). We also included trials published in abstract form only. Cluster-RCTs, quasi-RCTs and trials using a cross-over design are not eligible for inclusion in this review.We included pregnant women at or beyond term. Since a risk factor at this stage of pregnancy would normally require an intervention, only trials including women at low risk for complications were eligible. We accepted the trialists' definition of 'low risk'. The trials of induction of labour in women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or beyond term were not considered in this review but are considered in a separate Cochrane review.

Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers independently assessed trials for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Data were checked for accuracy. We assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: In this updated review, we included 30 RCTs (reporting on 12,479 women). The trials took place in Norway, China, Thailand, the USA, Austria, Turkey, Canada, UK, India, Tunisia, Finland, Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands. They were generally at a moderate risk of bias.Compared with a policy of expectant management, a policy of labour induction was associated with fewer (all-cause) perinatal deaths (risk ratio (RR) 0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.78; 20 trials, 9960 infants; moderate-quality evidence). There were two perinatal deaths in the labour induction policy group compared with 16 perinatal deaths in the expectant management group. The number needed to treat to for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) with induction of labour in order to prevent one perinatal death was 426 (95% CI 338 to 1337). There were fewer stillbirths in the induction group (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.96; 20 trials, 9960 infants; moderate-quality evidence); there was one stillbirth in the induction policy arm and 10 in the expectant management group.For women in the policy of induction arms of trials, there were fewer caesarean sections compared with expectant management (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.99; 27 trials, 11,738 women; moderate-quality evidence); and a corresponding marginal increase in operative vaginal births with induction (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.16; 18 trials, 9281 women; moderate-quality evidence). There was no evidence of a difference between groups for perineal trauma (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.83; 4 trials; 3028 women; low-quality evidence), postpartum haemorrhage (RR 1.09 95% CI 0.92 to 1.30, 5 trials; 3315 women; low-quality evidence), or length of maternal hospital stay (average mean difference (MD) -0.34 days, 95% CI -1.00 to 0.33; 5 trials; 1146 women; Tau² = 0.49; I² 95%; very low-quality evidence).Rates of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission were lower (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.01; 13 trials, 8531 infants; moderate-quality evidence) and fewer babies had Apgar scores less than seven at five minutes in the induction groups compared with expectant management (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.98; 16 trials, 9047 infants; moderate-quality evidence).There was no evidence of a difference for neonatal trauma (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.68 to 2.05; 3 trials, 4255 infants; low-quality evidence), for induction compared with expectant management.Neonatal encephalopathy, neurodevelopment at childhood follow-up, breastfeeding at discharge and postnatal depression were not reported by any trials.In subgroup analyses, no clear differences between timing of induction (< 41 weeks versus ≥ 41 weeks' gestation) or by state of cervix were seen for perinatal death, stillbirth, NICU admission, caesarean section, or perineal trauma. However, operative vaginal birth was more common in the inductions at < 41 weeks' gestation subgroup compared with inductions at later gestational ages. The majority of trials (about 75% of participants) adopted a policy of induction at ≥ 41 weeks (> 287 days) gestation for the intervention arm.

Authors' conclusions: A policy of labour induction at or beyond term compared with expectant management is associated with fewer perinatal deaths and fewer caesarean sections; but more operative vaginal births. NICU admissions were lower and fewer babies had low Apgar scores with induction. No important differences were seen for most of the other maternal and infant outcomes.Most of the important outcomes assessed using GRADE had a rating of moderate or low-quality evidence - with downgrading decisions generally due to study limitations such as lack of blinding (a condition inherent in comparisons between a policy of acting and of waiting), or imprecise effect estimates. One outcome (length of maternal stay) was downgraded further to very low-quality evidence due to inconsistency.Although the absolute risk of perinatal death is small, it may be helpful to offer women appropriate counselling to help choose between scheduled induction for a post-term pregnancy or monitoring without (or later) induction).The optimal timing of offering induction of labour to women at or beyond term warrants further investigation, as does further exploration of risk profiles of women and their values and preferences. Individual participant meta-analysis is likely to help elucidate the role of factors, such as parity, in influencing outcomes of induction compared with expectant management.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Philippa Middleton: none known.

Caroline A Crowther: none known.

Emily Shepherd: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.1 Perinatal death.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.2 Stillbirth.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.3 Neonatal death.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.5 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.8 Meconium aspiration syndrome.
9
9
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.9 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes.
10
10
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.10 Birthweight (g).
11
11
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.13 Caesarean section.
12
12
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Labour induction versus expectant management (all trials), outcome: 1.14 Operative vaginal birth (forceps or ventouse).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Augensen 1987 {published data only}
    1. Augensen K, Bergsjo P, Eikeland T, Ashvik K, Carlsen J. Randomized comparison of early versus late induction of labour in post‐term pregnancy. BMJ 1987;294:1192‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Augensen K, Bergsjo P, Eikeland T, Askvik K, Carlsen J. Induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy. A prospective randomized study. 10th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1986 Aug 12‐16; Leipzig, Germany. 1986.
Bergsjo 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bergsjo P, Huang GD, Yu SQ, Gao Z, Bakketeig LS. Comparison of induced vs non‐induced labor in post‐term pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1989;68:683‐7. - PubMed
Brane 2014 {published data only}
    1. Brane E, Olsson A, Andolf E. A randomized controlled trial on early induction compared to expectant management of nulliparous women with prolonged latent phases. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2014;93:1042‐9. - PubMed
Breart 1982 {published data only}
    1. Breart G, Goujard J, Maillard F, Chavigny C, Rumeau‐Rouquette C, Sureau C. Comparison of two obstetrical policies with regard to artificial induction of labour at term. A randomised trial. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 1982;11:107‐12. - PubMed
Chakravarti 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chakravarti S, Goenka B. Conservative policy of induction of labor in uncomplicated postdated pregnancies. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA (Book 3). 2000:62.
Chanrachkul 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chanrachkul B, Herabutya Y. Postterm with favorable cervix: is induction necessary?. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2003;106:154‐7. - PubMed
Cohn 1992 {published data only}
    1. Cohn M, Rogers M. Post maturity; a randomised study in a Hong Kong population. 26th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 1992 July 7‐10; Manchester, UK. 1992:306.
Cole 1975 {published data only}
    1. Cole RA, Howie PW, MacNaughton MC. Elective induction of labour. A randomised prospective trial. Lancet 1975;1:767‐70. - PubMed
    1. Engleman SR, Hilland MA, Howie PW, McIlwaine GM, McNay MB. An analysis of the economic implications of elective induction of labour at term. Community Medicine 1979;1:191‐8. - PubMed
Dyson 1987 {published data only}
    1. Dyson D, Miller PD, Armstrong MA. Management of prolonged pregnancy: induction of labour versus antepartum testing. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1987;156:928‐34. - PubMed
    1. Dyson DC, Miller P, Miller M. Management of prolonged pregnancy ‐ induction versus antepartum fetal testing. 6th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1986 Jan 30‐Feb 1; San Antonio, Texas, USA. 1986:205.
Egarter 1989 {published data only}
    1. Egarter CH, Kofler E, Fitz R, Husslein P. Is induction of labour indicated in prolonged pregnancy? Results of a prospective randomised trial. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1989;27:6‐9. - PubMed
    1. Husslein P, Egarter C, Sevelda P, Genger H, Salzer H, Kofler E. Induction of labour with Prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablets ‐ a revival of elective induction? Results of a prospective randomised trial [Geburtseinleitung mit 3mg Prostaglandin E2‐vaginaltabletten: eine renaissance der programmierten geburt?]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 1986;46:83‐7. - PubMed
Gelisen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gelisen O, Caliskan E, Dilbaz S, Ozdas E, Dilbaz B, Ozdas E, et al. Induction of labor with three different techniques at 41 weeks of gestation or spontaneous follow‐up until 42 weeks in women with definitely unfavorable cervical scores. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2005;120(2):164‐9. - PubMed
Hannah 1992 {published data only}
    1. Farquharson D, Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hewson SA, Willan A, Young D, et al. The Canadian multicentre postterm pregnancy trial (CMPPT): outcome in the induction group based on method of induction. 49th Annual Clinical Meeting of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada; 1993 June 22‐26; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 1993:15.
    1. Goeree R, Hannah M, Hewson S, for the Canadian Postterm Pregnancy Trial Group. Cost‐effectiveness of induction of labour versus serial antenatal monitoring in the Canadian multicentre postterm pregnancy trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1995;152:1445‐50. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hannah M, Canadian MG. The Canadian Multicentre Postterm Pregnancy Trial. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1994;46:31.
    1. Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hellman J, Hewson S, Milner R, Willan A. Induction of labour as compared with serial antenatal monitoring in post‐term pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;326:1587‐92. - PubMed
    1. Hannah ME, Huh C, Hewson SA, Hannah WJ. Postterm pregnancy: putting the merits of a policy of induction into perspective. Birth 1996;23(1):13‐9. - PubMed
Heimstad 2007a {published data only}
    1. Heimstad R, Romundstad PR, Hyett J, Mattsson LA, Salvesen KA. Women's experiences and attitudes towards expectant management and induction of labor for post‐term pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2007;86(8):950‐6. - PubMed
    1. Heimstad R, Skogvoli E, Mattsson L, Johansen OJ, Eik‐Nes SH, Romundstad PR, et al. Induction of labour or serial antenatal fetal monitoring in post‐term pregnancy. A randomised controlled trial. 36th Nordic Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2008 June 14‐17; Reykjavik, Iceland. 2008:84. - PubMed
    1. Heimstad R, Skogvoll E, Mattsson LA, Johansen OJ, Eik‐Nes SH, Salvesen KA. Induction of labor or serial antenatal fetal monitoring in postterm pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2007;109(3):609‐17. - PubMed
    1. Heimstad U. Post term pregnancy ‐ induction of labor or monitoring of pregnancy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00385229 (first received 9 October 2006).
Henry 1969 {published data only}
    1. Henry GR. A controlled trial of surgical induction of labour and amnioscopy in the management of prolonged pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1969;76:795‐8. - PubMed
Herabutya 1992 {published data only}
    1. Herabutya Y, Prasertsawat PO, Tongyai T, Isarangura N, Ayudthya N. Prolonged pregnancy: the management dilemma. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1992;37:253‐8. - PubMed
James 2001 {published data only}
    1. James C, George SS, Gaunekar N, Seshadri L. Management of prolonged pregnancy: a randomized trial of induction of labour and antepartum foetal monitoring. National Medical Journal of India 2001;14:270‐3. - PubMed
Kortekaas 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bruinsma A, Keulen J, Bakker J, Post J, Miranda E, Kortekaas J, et al. Induction of labor at 41 weeks or expectant management until 42 weeks‐preliminary results of the INDEX trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;216(1 Suppl):S27‐S28, Abstract no: 40.
    1. Kortekaas JC, Bruinsma A, Keulen JKJ, Dillen J, Oudijk MA, Zwart JJ, et al. Effects of induction of labour versus expectant management in women with impending post‐term pregnancies: the 41 week ‐ 42 week dilemma. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):350. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mol B. Costs and effects of induction of labour at 41 weeks compared to waiting for spontaneous labour until 42 weeks. trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3431 (first received 12 May 2012).
Martin 1978 {published data only}
    1. Martin DH, Thompson W, Pinkerton JHM, Watson JD. A randomised controlled trial of selective planned delivery. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1978;85:109‐13. - PubMed
Martin 1989 {published data only}
    1. Martin JN, Sessums JK, Howard P, Martin RW, Morrison JC. Alternative approaches to the management of gravidas with prolonged post‐term postdate pregnancies. Journal of the Mississippi State Association 1989;30:105‐11. - PubMed
Miller 2015 {published data only}
    1. Miller N. Elective induction of nulliparous labor. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01076062 (first received 25 February 2010).
    1. Miller NR, Cypher RL, Foglia LM, Pates JA, Nielsen PE. Elective induction of labor compared with expectant management of nulliparous women at 39 weeks of gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015;126(6):1258‐64. - PubMed
    1. Miller NR, Cypher RL, Foglia LM, Pates JA, Nielsen PE. Elective induction of nulliparous labor at 39 weeks of gestation: a randomized clinical trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;123(5 Suppl):72S. - PubMed
NICHHD 1994 {published data only}
    1. Medearis AL. Postterm pregnancy: active labor induction (PGE2 gel) not associated with improved outcomes compared to expectant management. A preliminary report. 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 January 23‐27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:17.
    1. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Units. A clinical trial of induction of labor versus expectant management in postterm pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;170:716‐23. - PubMed
Nielsen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nielsen PE, Howard BC, Hill CC, Larson PL, Holland RH, Smith PN. Comparison of elective induction of labor with favorable Bishop scores versus expectant management: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2005;18(1):59‐64. - PubMed
Ocon 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ocon L, Hurtado R, Coteron JJ, Zubiria A, Ramirez O, Garcia JA. Prolonged pregnancy: procedure guidelines [Gestacion prolongada: pautas de actuacion]. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 1997;40:101‐6.
Roach 1997 {published data only}
    1. Roach VJ, Rogers MS. Pregnancy outcome beyond 41 weeks gestation. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1997;59:19‐24. - PubMed
Sahraoui 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sahraoui W, Hajji S, Bibi M, Nouira M, Essaidi H, Khair H. Management of pregnancies beyond forty‐one week's gestation with an unfavorable cervix [Prise en charge obstetricale des grossesses prolongees au‐dela de 41 semaines d'amenorrhee avec un score de Bishop defavorable]. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 2005;34(5):454‐62. - PubMed
Sande 1983 {published data only}
    1. Sande HA, Tuveng J, Fonstelien T. A prospective randomized study of induction of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1983;21:333‐6. - PubMed
Suikkari 1983 {published data only}
    1. Suikkari AM, Jalkanen M, Heiskala H, Koskela O. Prolonged pregnancy: induction or observation. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 1983;116:58.
Tylleskar 1979 {published data only}
    1. Leijon I, Finnstrom O, Hedenskog S, Ryden G, Tylleskar J. Spontaneous labor and elective induction ‐ a prospective randomized study. II Bilirubin levels in the neonatal period. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1980;59:103‐6. - PubMed
    1. Leijon I, Finnstrom O, Hedenskog S, Ryden G, Tylleskar J. Spontaneous labour and elective induction ‐ a prospective randomised study. Behavioural assessment and neurological examination in the newborn period. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1979;68:553‐60. - PubMed
    1. Tylleskar J, Finnstrom O, Hedenskog S, Leijon I, Ryden G. Spontaneous delivery‐elective induction for convenience, a comparative study. 6th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1978 Aug 29‐Sept 1; Vienna, Austria. 1978:345.
    1. Tylleskar J, Finnstrom O, Leijon I, Hedenskog S, Ryden G. Spontaneous labor and elective induction ‐ a prospective randomized study. Effects on mother and fetus. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1979;58:513‐8. - PubMed
Walker 2016 {published data only}
    1. Walker F, Bugg J, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Grace N, Wildsmith C, et al. Randomized trial of labor induction in women 35 years of age or older. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;374(9):813‐22. - PubMed
    1. Walker K. Induction of labour versus expectant management for women over 35 years. isrctn.com/ISRCTN11517275 (first received 23 August 2012).
    1. Walker K, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Wildsmith C, Smith G, et al. The 35/39 trial: A multi‐centre prospective randomised controlled trial of induction of labour versus expectant management for nulliparous women over 35 years of age. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E221. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Walker KF, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Wildsmith C, Smith G, et al. Induction of labour versus expectant management for nulliparous women over 35 years of age: a multi‐centre prospective, randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2012;12:145. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Walker KF, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Wildsmith C, Smith G, et al. Induction of labour versus expectant management for nulliparous women over 35 years of age: protocol for a multicentre prospective, randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120(Suppl s1):495.
Witter 1987 {published data only}
    1. Witter FR, Weitz CM. A randomised trial of induction at 42 weeks of gestation vs expectant management for postdates pregnancies. American Journal of Perinatology 1987;4:206‐11. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Alcalay 1996 {published data only}
    1. Alcalay M, Hourvitz A, Reichman B, Luski A, Quint J, Barkai G, et al. Prelabour rupture of membranes at term: early induction of labour vs expectant management. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1996;70:129‐33. - PubMed
Amano 1999 {published data only}
    1. Amano K, Saito K, Shoda T, Tani A, Yoshihara H, Nishijima M. Elective induction of labour at 39 weeks of gestation: a prospective randomized trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 1999;25:33‐7. - PubMed
Ascher‐Walsh 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ascher‐Walsh C, Burke B, Baxi L. Outpatient management of prolonged pregnancy with misoprostol (MP): a randomized, double‐blind placebo controlled study, prelim. data. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182(1 Pt 2):S20.
Bell 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bell RJ, Permezel M, MacLennan, Hughes C, Healy D, Brennecke S. A randomized, double‐blind controlled trial of the safety of vaginal recombinant human relaxin for cervical ripening. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1993;82:328‐33. - PubMed
Berghella 1996 {published data only}
    1. Berghella V, Mickens R. Stripping of membranes as a safe method to reduce prolonged pregnancies. XIV World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO);1994 Sept 26‐30; Montreal, Canada. 1994:PO34.16.
    1. Berghella V, Rogers RA, Lescale K. Stripping of membranes as a safe method to reduce prolonged pregnancies. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1996;87:927‐31. - PubMed
Boulvain 1998 {published data only}
    1. Boulvain M, Fraser WD, Marcoux S, Fontaine J‐Y, Bazin S, Pinault J‐J, et al. Does sweeping of the membranes reduce the need for formal induction of labour? A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105:34‐40. - PubMed
Buttino 1990 {published data only}
    1. Buttino L, Garite T. Intracervical prostaglandin in postdate pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1990;35(2):155‐8. - PubMed
Cardozo 1986 {published data only}
    1. Cardozo L, Fysh J, Pearce JM. Prolonged pregnancy: the management debate. BMJ 1986;293:1059‐63. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cardozo L, Pearce JM, Fysh J. Conservative management of post‐maturity. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1983;4:69‐72.
    1. Pearce JM, Cardozo L. Prolonged pregnancy: results of supplemental analysis. BMJ 1988;297:715‐7.
Conway 2000 {published data only}
    1. Conway DL, Groth S, Adkins WB, Langer O. Management of isolated oligohydramnios in the term pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182:S21.
Damania 1992 {published data only}
    1. Damania KK, Natu U, Mhatre PN, Mataliya M, Mehta AC, Daftary SN. Evaluation of two methods employed for cervical ripening. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 1992;38(2):58‐9. - PubMed
Dare 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dare FO, Oboro VO. The role of membrane stripping in prevention of post‐term pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial in Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2002;22(3):283‐6. - PubMed
de Aquino 2003 {published data only}
    1. Aquino MMA, Cecatti JG. Misoprostol versus oxytocin for labour induction in term and post‐term pregnancy: randomized controlled trial. Sao Paulo Medical Journal 2003;121:102‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Doany 1997 {published data only}
    1. Doany W. Outpatient management of postdate pregnancy with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 and membrane stripping. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;174(1 Pt 2):351. - PubMed
    1. Doany W, McCarty J. Outpatient management of the uncomplicated postdate pregnancy with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and membrane stripping. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine 1997;6:71‐8. - PubMed
Dunn 1989 {published data only}
    1. Dunn PA, Rogers D, Halford K. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at acupuncture points in the induction of uterine contractions. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1989;73:286‐90. - PubMed
Elliott 1984 {published data only}
    1. Elliott JP, Flaherty JF. The use of breast stimulation to prevent postdate pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1984;149:628‐32. - PubMed
El‐Torkey 1992 {published data only}
    1. El‐Torkey M, Grant JM. Sweeping of the membranes is an effective method of induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy: a report of a randomized trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1992;99:455‐8. - PubMed
Evans 1983 {published data only}
    1. Evans MI, Dougan MB, Moawad AH, Evans WJ, Bryant‐Greenwood GD, Greenwood FC. Ripening of the human cervix with porcine ovarian relaxin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1983;147:410‐4. - PubMed
Frass 2011 {published data only}
    1. Frass KA, Shuaib AA, Al‐Harazi AH. Misoprostol for induction of labor in women with severe preeclampsia at or near term. Saudi Medical Journal 2011;32(7):679‐84. - PubMed
Garry 2000 {published data only}
    1. Garry D, Figueroa R, Guillaume J, Cucco V. Use of castor oil in pregnancies at term. Alternative Therapies 2000;6(1):77‐9. - PubMed
Giacalone 1998 {published data only}
    1. Giacalone PL, Targosz V, Laffargue F, Boog G, Faure JM. Cervical ripening with mifepristone before labor induction. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1998;92(4 Pt 1):487‐92. - PubMed
Gregson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gregson S, Tiran D, Absalom J, Older L, Bassett P. Acupressure for inducing labour for nulliparous women with post‐dates pregnancy. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2015;21(4):257‐61. - PubMed
Hage 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hage P, Shawi J, Zarou D, Fleisher J. Double blind randomized trial to evaluate the role of outpatient use of PGE2 in cervical ripening. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168:430.
Heden 1991 {published data only}
    1. Heden L, Ingemarsson I, Ahlstrom H, Solum T. Induction of labor versus conservative management in prolonged pregnancy: controlled study. International Journal of Feto‐Maternal Medicine 1991;4(4):148‐52.
Hernandez‐Castro 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hernandez‐Castro F, Alvarez‐Chavez LD, Martinez‐Gaytan V, Cortes‐Flores R. Ambulatory treatment of prolonged pregnancy with prostaglandin E2 gel [Embarazo de 41 semanas o mayor. Manejo ambulatorio con gel de prostaglandina E2]. Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 2008;46(2):191‐4. - PubMed
Imsuwan 1999 {published data only}
    1. Imsuwan Y, Tanapat Y. Reduction of pregnancy with gestational age more than 41 weeks by membrane stripping to induce labor: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;11(4):267.
Ingemarsson 1987 {published data only}
    1. Ingemarsson I, Heden L, Montan S, Sjoberg NO. Effect of intracervical prostaglandin gel in postterm women. Personal communication 1987.
Iqbal 2004 {published data only}
    1. Iqbal S. Management of prolonged pregnancy. JCPSP, Journal of the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Pakistan 2004;14(5):274‐7. - PubMed
Jenssen 1977 {published data only}
    1. Jenssen H, Wright PB. The effect of dexamethasone therapy in prolonged pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1977;56:467‐73. - PubMed
Kadar 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kadar N, Tapp A, Wong A. The influence of nipple stimulation at term on the duration of pregnancy. Journal of Perinatology 1990;10(2):164‐6. - PubMed
Katz 1983 {published data only}
    1. Katz Z, Yemini M, Lancet M, Mogilner BM, Ben‐Hur H, Caspi B. Non‐aggressive management of post‐date pregnancies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1983;15:71‐9. - PubMed
Kipikasa 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kipikasa JH, Adair CD, Williamson J, Breen JM, Medford LK, Sanchez‐Ramos L. Use of misoprostol on an outpatient basis for postdate pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2005;88:108‐11. - PubMed
Klopper 1969 {published data only}
    1. Klopper AI, Dennis KJ, Farr V. Effect of intra‐amniotic oestriol sulphate on uterine contractions. BMJ 1969;786(2):786‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Knox 1979 {published data only}
    1. Knox GE, Huddleston JF, Flowers CE. Management of prolonged pregnancy: results of a prospective randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1979;134:376‐84. - PubMed
Lee 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lee HY. A randomised double‐blind study of vaginal misoprostol vs dinoprostone for cervical ripening and labour induction in prolonged pregnancy. Singapore Medical Journal 1997;38(7):292‐4. - PubMed
Lemancewicz 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lemancewicz A, Urban R, Skotnicki MZ, Karpiuk A, Urban J. Uterine and fetal Doppler flow changes after misoprostol and oxytocin therapy for induction of labor in post‐term pregnancies. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1999;67:139‐45. - PubMed
Lien 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lien JM, Morgan MA, Garite TJ, Kennedy KA, Sassoon DA, Freeman RK. Antepartum cervical ripening: applying prostaglandin E2 gel in conjunction with scheduled nonstress tests in postdate pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;179:453‐8. - PubMed
Lyons 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lyons C, Rumney P, Huang W, Morrison E, Thomas S, Nageotte M, et al. Outpatient cervical ripening with oral misoprostol post‐term: induction rates decreased. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;184(1):S116.
Magann 1998 {published data only}
    1. Magann EF, Chauhan SP, Nevils BG, McNamara MF, Kinsella MJ, Morrison JC. Management of pregnancies beyond forty‐one weeks' gestation with an unfavorable cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;178:1279‐87. - PubMed
Magann 1999 {published data only}
    1. Magann EF, Chauhan SP, McNamara MF, Bass JD, Estes CM, Morrison JC. Membrane sweeping versus dinoprostone vaginal insert in the management of pregnancies beyond 41 weeks with an unfavorable cervix. Journal of Perinatology 1999;19(2):88‐91. - PubMed
Mancuso 1998 {published data only}
    1. Mancuso S, Ferrazzani S, Carolis S, Carducci B, Santis L, Caruso A. Term and postterm low‐risk pregnancies: management schemes for the reduction of high rates of cesarean section. Minerva Ginecologica 1998;48:95‐8. - PubMed
Meydanli 2003 {published data only}
    1. Meydanli MM, Caliskan E, Burak F, Narin MA, Atmaca R. Labor induction post‐term with 25 micrograms vs. 50 micrograms of intravaginal misoprostol. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2003;81:249‐55. - PubMed
Misra 1994 {published data only}
    1. Misra M, Vavre S. Labour induction with intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel and intravenous oxytocin in women with a very unfavourable cervix. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1994;34(5):511‐5.
Müller 1995 {published data only}
    1. Müller T, Rempen A. Comparison of 0,5 mg PG‐E2‐Intracervical‐gel versus 3 mg PG‐E2‐vaginal tablet for the induction of labour [Geburtseinleitung mit Prostaglandinen: 0,5 mg PG‐E2‐Intrazervikalgel versus 3 mg PG‐E2‐vaginaltablette]. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie 1995;199:30‐4. - PubMed
Neri 2014 {published data only}
    1. Neri I, Monari F, Salvioli C, Facchinetti F. Acupuncture in post‐date pregnancy: a pilot study. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2014;27(9):874‐8. - PubMed
Newman 1997 {published data only}
    1. Newman M, Newman R. Multiple‐dose PGE2 cervical ripening on an outpatient basis: safety and efficacy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176:S112.
Nicholson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Nicholson J, Caughey A, Parry S, Rosen S, Evans A, Macones G. Prospective randomized trial of the active management of risk in pregnancy at term: improved birth outcomes from prostaglandin‐assisted preventive labor induction. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S37, Abstract no: 84.
    1. Nicholson JM, Parry S, Caughey AB, Rosen S, Keen A, Macones GA. The impact of the active management of risk in pregnancy at term on birth outcomes: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2008;198(5):511.e1‐511.e15. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pri‐Paz SM. Active management of risk in pregnancy at term to reduce rate of cesarean deliveries (AMOR IPAT). ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov) (accessed 19 February 2008).
Ohel 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ohel G, Rahav D, Rothbart H, Ruach M. Randomised trial of outpatient induction of labor with vaginal PGE2 at 40‐41 weeks of gestation versus expectant management. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1996;258:109‐12. - PubMed
Papageorgiou 1992 {published data only}
    1. Papageorgiou I, Tsionou C, Minaretzis D, Michalas S, Aravantinos D. Labor characteristics of uncomplicated prolonged pregnancies after induction with intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel versus intravenous oxytocin. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1992;34:92‐6. - PubMed
Paul 1988 {published data only}
    1. Paul R, Romero R. Clinical trial of induction versus expectant management in postterm pregnancy. Personal communication 1988.
Rayburn 1988 {published data only}
    1. Rayburn W, Gosen R, Ramadei C, Woods R, Scott J. Outpatient cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 gel in uncomplicated postdate pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;158:1417‐23. - PubMed
Rayburn 1999 {published data only}
    1. Rayburn WF, Gittens LN, Lucas MJ, Gall SA, Martin ME. Weekly administration of prostaglandin E2 gel compared with expectant management in women with previous cesareans. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1999;94:250‐4. - PubMed
Rijnders 2011 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN47736435. Costs and effects of amniotomy at home for induction of post term pregnancy. isrctn.com/ISRCTN47736435 (first received: 9 January 2006).
    1. Rijnders MEB. A randomised controlled trial of amniotomy at home for induction between 292 and 294 days gestation. Interventions in Midwife led care in the Netherlands to Achieve Optimal Birth Outcomes: Effects and Women's Experiences. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2011. [ISRCTN47736435]
    1. Rijnders MEB. Costs and effects of amniotomy at home for induction of post term pregnancy. trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=504 (first received 13 December 2005).
Roberts 1986 {published data only}
    1. Roberts WE, North DH, Speed JE, Martin JN, Palmer SM, Morrison JC. Comparative study of prostaglandin, laminaria, and minidose oxytocin for ripening of the unfavorable cervix prior to induction of labor. Journal of Perinatology 1986;6:16‐9.
Satin 1991 {published data only}
    1. Satin AJ, Hankins GDV, Yeomans ER. A prospective study of two dosing regimens of oxytocin for the induction of labor in patients with unfavorable cervices. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;165:980‐4. - PubMed
    1. Satin AJ, Hankins GDV, Yeomans ER. A randomized study of two dosing regimens of oxytocin for the induction of patients with an unfavorable cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;164:307. - PubMed
Sawai 1991 {published data only}
    1. Sawai SK, Williams MC, O'Brien WF, Angel JL, Mastrogiannis DS, Johnson L. Sequential outpatient application of intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel in the management of postdates pregnancies. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1991;78:19‐23. - PubMed
Sawai 1994 {published data only}
    1. Sawai SK, O'Brien WF, Mastrogiannis DS, Krammer J, Mastry MG, Porter GW. Patient‐administered outpatient intravaginal prostaglandin E2 suppositories in post‐date pregnancies: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1994;84(5):807‐10. - PubMed
    1. Sawai SK, O'Brien WF, Mastrogiannis MS, Mastry MG, Porter GW, Johnson L. Outpatient prostaglandin E2 suppositories in postdates pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992;166(1 Pt 2):400.
Stenlund 1999 {published data only}
    1. Stenlund PM, Bygdeman M, Ekman G. Induction of labor with mifepristone (RU 486). A randomized double‐blind study in post‐term pregnant women with unripe cervices. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 1994;73(161):FP50. - PubMed
    1. Stenlund PM, Ekman G, Aedo AR, Bygdeman M. Induction of labor with mifepristone: a randomized, double‐blind study versus placebo. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1999;78:793‐8. - PubMed
Su 1996 {published data only}
    1. Su H, Li E, Weng L. Clinical observation on mifepristone for induction of term labor. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1996;31:676‐80. - PubMed
Surbek 1997 {published data only}
    1. Surbek DV, Boesiger H, Hoesli L, Pavu N, Holzgreve W. Cervical priming and labor induction with intravaginal misoprostol versus PGE2: a double‐blind randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(1 Pt 2):S112. - PubMed
Suzuki 1999 {published data only}
    1. Suzuki S, Otsubo Y, Sawa R, Yoneyama Y, Araki T. Clinical trial of induction of labor versus expectant management in twin pregnancy. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1999;49:24‐7. - PubMed
Williams 1990 {published data only}
    1. Williams MG, O'Brien WF, Sawai SK, Knuppel RA. Outpatient cervical ripening in the postdates pregnancy. 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 January 23‐27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:533.
Wing 2000 {published data only}
    1. Wing DA, Fassett MJ, Mishell DR. Mifepristone for preinduction cervical ripening beyond 41 weeks' gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2000;96(4):543‐8. - PubMed
Wong 2002 {published data only}
    1. Wong SF, Hui SK, Choi H, Ho LC. Does sweeping of membranes beyond 40 weeks reduce the need for formal induction of labour?. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2002;109:632‐6. - PubMed
Ziaei 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ziaei S, Rosebehani N, Kazeminejad A, Zafarghandi S. The effects of intramuscular administration of corticosteroids on the induction of parturition. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2003;31:134‐9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Benito Reyes 2010 {published data only}
    1. Benito Reyes V, Hurtado Mendoza R, Rodriguez Rodriguez F, Reyes Suarez D, Alvarez Leon EE, Garcia Hernandez JA. Elective termination versus expectant management in prolonged pregnancy: A prospective study of 200 pregnant women [Finalizacion electiva versus manejo expectante en el control de la gestacion prolongada: estudio prospectivo de 200 gestantes]. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 2010;53(11):446‐53.
Harrington 2003 {published data only}
    1. Harrington K, ISRCTN74323479. What shall we do with the postdates woman who is not in labour?. isrctn.com/ISRCTN74323479 (first received 12 September 2003).

References to ongoing studies

Elden 2016 {published data only}
    1. Elden H. Induction of labor at 41 completed gestational weeks versus expectant management and induction at 42 completed gestational weeks. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26113652 (first received 21 March 2015).
    1. Elden H, Hagberg H, Wessberg A, Sengpiel V, Herbst A, Bullarbo M, et al. Study protocol of SWEPIS a Swedish multicentre register based randomised controlled trial to compare induction of labour at 41 completed gestational weeks versus expectant management and induction at 42 completed gestational weeks. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016;16:49. - PMC - PubMed
Othman 2017 {published data only}
    1. Othman A. Induction of labour at 39 weeks or beyond in multiparous women with a favourable cervix. isrctn.com/ISRCTN15646866 (first received 27 January 2017).
Reddy 2013 {published data only}
    1. Reddy U. A randomized trial of induction versus expectant management (ARRIVE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01990612 (first received 21 November 2013).

Additional references

ACOG 2014
    1. ACOG. Management of late‐term and postterm pregnancies practice bulletin 146. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;124(2 Pt 1):390‐6. - PubMed
Arrowsmith 2011
    1. Arrowsmith S, Wray S, Quenby S. Maternal obesity and labour complications following induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2011;118(5):578‐88. - PMC - PubMed
Caughey 2004
    1. Caughey AB, Musci TJ. Complications of term pregnancy beyond 37 weeks of gestation. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;103(1):57‐62. [DOI: 10.1097/01AOG.0000109216.24211] - DOI - PubMed
Caughey 2009
    1. Caughey AB, Sundaram V, Kaimal AJ, Gienger A, Cheng YW, McDonald KM, et al. Systematic review: elective induction of labor versus expectant management of pregnancy. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009;151:252‐63. - PubMed
Davey 2016
    1. Davey MA, King J. Caesarean section following induction of labour in uncomplicated first births‐ a population‐based cross‐sectional analysis of 42,950 births. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016;16:92. [DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-0869-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Heimstad 2007b
    1. Heimstad R, Romundstad PR, Hyett J, Mattsson LA, Salvesen KA. Women's experiences and attitudes towards expectant management and induction of labor for post‐term pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2007;86:950‐6. - PubMed
Heimstad 2008
    1. Heimstad R, Romundstad PR, Salvesen KA. Induction of labour for post‐term pregnancy and risk estimates for intrauterine and perinatal death. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2008;87:247‐9. - PubMed
Heslehurst 2017
    1. Heslehurst N, Vieira R, Hayes L, Crowe L, Jones D, Robalino S, et al. Maternal body mass index and post‐term birth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews 2017;18(3):293‐308. [DOI: 10.111/obr.12489] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Hilder 1998
    1. Hilder L, Costeloe K, Thilaganathan B. Prolonged pregnancy: evaluating gestation‐specific risks of fetal and infant mortality. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105:169‐73. - PubMed
Kaimal 2011
    1. Kaimal AJ, Little SE, Odibo AO, Stamilio DM, Grobman WA, Long EF, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of elective induction of labor at 41 weeks in nulliparous women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204:137.e1‐9. - PubMed
Keirse 2010
    1. Keirse MJNC. Elective induction, selective deduction,and cesarean section. Birth 2010;37(3):252‐6. - PubMed
Mandruzzato 2010
    1. Mandruzzato G, Alfirevic Z, Chervenak F, Gruenebaum A, Heimstad R, Heinonen S, et al. Guidelines for the management of postterm pregnancy. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2010;38:111‐9. - PubMed
Martin 2017
    1. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Mathews TJ. Births: final data for 2015. National Vital Statistics Report 2017;66(1):1. - PubMed
Middleton 2017
    1. Middleton P, Shepherd E, Flenady V, McBain RD, Crowther CA. Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005302.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mishanina 2014
    1. Mishanina E, Rogozinska E, Thatthi T, Uddin‐Khan R, Khan K, Meads C. Use of labour induction and risk of cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2014;186(9):665‐73. [DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.130925] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Morken 2014
    1. Morken NH, Klungsøyr K, Skjaerven R. Perinatal mortality by gestational week and size at birth in singleton pregnancies at and beyond term: a nationwide population‐based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14:172. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-172] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NICE 2008
    1. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Induction of Labour Clinical Guideline. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG70/Guidance/pdf/English (last accessed 27 June 2017) 2008.
Olesen 2003
    1. Olesen AW, Westergaard JG, Olsen J. Perinatal and maternal complications related to postterm delivery: a national register‐based study, 1978‐1993. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189:222‐7. - PubMed
Olesen 2015
    1. Olesen AW, Olsen J, Zhu JL. Developmental milestones in children born post‐term in the Danish National Birth Cohort: a main research article. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2015;122(10):1331‐9. - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Roos 2010
    1. Roos N, Sahlin L, Ekman‐Ordeberg G, Kilere H, Stephansson O. Maternal risk factors for postterm pregnancy and cesarean delivery following labour induction. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2010;89:1003‐10. - PubMed
Schierding 2014
    1. Schierding W, O'Sullivan JM, Derraik JGB, Cutfield WS. Genes and post‐term birth: late for delivery. BMC Research Notes 2014;7:720. [DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-720] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
SOGC 2008
    1. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Guidelines for the Management of Pregnancy at 41+0 to 42+0 Weeks. http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/index_e.asp#Obstetrics (accessed 3 March 2011).
Walker 2017
    1. Walker KF, Dritsaki M, Bugg G, Macpherson M, McCormick C, Grace N, et al. Labour induction near term for women aged 35 or over: an economic evaluation. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2017;124(6):929‐34. - PubMed
Wessberg 2017
    1. Wessberg A, Lundgren I, Elden H. Being in limbo: Women's lived experiences of pregnancy at 41 weeks of gestation and beyond ‐ A phenomenological study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2017;17(1):162. - PMC - PubMed
Whitworth 2015
    1. Whitworth M, Bricker L, Mullan C. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
WHO 2011
    1. WHO. WHO recommendations for induction of labour. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_he... [last accessed 27 june 2017] 2011.
Wolff 2016
    1. Wolff SL, Lorentzen I, Kaltoft AP, Schmidt H, Jeppesen MM, Maimburg RD. Has perinatal outcome improved after introduction of a guideline in favour of routine induction and increased surveillance prior to 42 weeks of gestation?: A cross‐sectional population‐based registry study. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare 2016;10:19‐24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2016.03.002] - DOI - PubMed
Wood 2014
    1. Wood S, Cooper S, Ross S. Does induction of labour increase the risk of caesarean section? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of trials in women with intact membranes. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2014;121(6):674‐85. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528] - DOI - PubMed
Zeitlin 2007
    1. Zeitlin J, Blondel B, Alexander S, Bréart G and the PERISTAT Group. Variation in rates of postterm birth in Europe: reality or artefact?. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007;114:1097‐103. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Gülmezoglu 2004
    1. Gülmezoglu AM, Crowther CA. Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945] - DOI - PubMed
Gülmezoglu 2006
    1. Gülmezoglu AM, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Interventions for preventing or improving the outcome of delivery at or beyond term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub2] - DOI
Gülmezoglu 2012
    1. Gülmezoglu AM, Crowther CA, Middleton P, Heatley E. Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types