Phenotypic and Molecular Identification of Vancomycin Resistance in Clinical Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Osogbo, Nigeria

Abstract

The use of vancomycin for treatment of serious infections caused by MRSA strains has resulted in emergence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) in clinical settings. Following our previous report of phenotypic VRSA in Nigeria, the current study attempts to determine the genetic basis underlying this resistance. Over a period of 6 months, non-duplicate clinical S. aureus isolates from 73 consecutive patients with infective conditions at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo were tested against a panel of eight selected antibiotics by disk diffusion test. The Epsilom test strip was used to determine vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to amplify nuc, mecA, vanA, and vanB genes. Of 73 isolates, 61 (83.6%) had MIC of ≤2 μg/ml, 11 (15.1%) had 4-8 μg/ml and 1 (1.4%) had 16 μg/ml. The mecA gene was detected in 5 (6.8%) isolates but none contained vanA or vanB genes. Both vancomycin-susceptible and intermediate isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics, while the only vancomycin resistant isolate was resistant to all eight antibiotics. The result confirms the occurrence of phenotypic vancomycin intermediate-resistant S. aureus (VISA) and VRSA infections in Nigeria, but the molecular basis will require further investigation.

Keywords: E-test; MRSA; VISA; VRSA; molecular; phenotypic.

Figure 1.

Gel electrophoresis of PCR amplification of nuc gene. L = 100 bp ladder 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 = nuc positive isolates; 6 = nuc positive control; not labeled = nuc negative control (PCR water)

Figure 2.

Gel electrophoresis of PCR amplification of mecA gene. L = 100 bp ladder; 1, 2, 3, 4 = mecA positive isolates; 5 = mecA negative isolate; NC = mecA negative control; PC = mecA negative control (PCR water)