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. 2018 Mar 25:2018:1039364.
doi: 10.1155/2018/1039364. eCollection 2018.

Morinda citrifolia L. Leaf Extract Protects against Cerebral Ischemia and Osteoporosis in an In Vivo Experimental Model of Menopause

Jintanaporn Wattanathorn  1   2 , Cholathip Thipkaew  1 , Wipawee Thukham-Mee  1   2 , Supaporn Muchimapura  1   2 , Panakaporn Wannanon  1   2 , Terdthai Tong-Un  1   2
Affiliations

Morinda citrifolia L. Leaf Extract Protects against Cerebral Ischemia and Osteoporosis in an In Vivo Experimental Model of Menopause

Jintanaporn Wattanathorn et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. .

Abstract

We aimed to determine the protective effects against cerebral ischemia and osteoporosis of Morinda citrifolia extract in experimental menopause. The neuroprotective effect was assessed by giving M. citrifolia leaf extract at doses of 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg BW to the bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) rats for 7 days. Then, they were occluded in the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 90 minutes. The neurological score, brain infarction volume, oxidative stress status, and ERK1/2 and eNOS activities were assessed 24 hours later. M. citrifolia improved neurological score, brain infarction, and brain oxidative stress status in the cortex of OVX rats plus the MCAO. No changes in ERK 1/2 signal pathway and NOS expression were observed in this area. Our data suggested that the neuroprotective effect of the extract might occur partly via the improvement of oxidative stress status in the cortex. The antiosteoporotic effect in OVX rats was also assessed after an 84-day intervention of M. citrifolia. The serum levels of calcium, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase and osteoblast density in the tibia were increased, but the density of osteoclast was decreased in OVX rats which received the extract. Therefore, the current data suggested that the extract possessed antiosteoporotic effect by increasing bone formation but decreasing bone resorption.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Fingerprint chromatogram of M. citrifolia leaf extract.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of M. citrifolia leaf extract on brain infarction volume which was assessed by using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining (N = 6/group). Photograph of the (a) brain infarction area; (b) brain infarction volume. AAp value < 0.01 and AAAp value < 0.001, compared with OVX + sham operation. ∗p value < 0.05 and ∗∗p value < 0.01, compared with OVX + MCAO.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of M. citrifolia on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity in the cortex (N = 6/group). AAAp value < 0.001, compared to OVX + sham operation group. ∗p value < 0.05 and ∗∗∗p value < 0.001, compared to OVX + MCAO group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of M. citrifolia on the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cortex (N = 6/group). AAp value < 0.01, compared to OVX + sham operation group.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of M. citrifolia leaf extract on osteoblast density in the tibia of OVX rats. Photograph of (a) osteoblast in the tibia; (b) osteoblast density (N = 6/group). AAp value < 0.01, compared to sham operation group. ∗∗p value < 0.01, compared to OVX group.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of M. citrifolia leaf extract on osteoclast density in the tibia of OVX rats. Photograph of (a) osteoclast in the tibia; (b) osteoclast density (N = 6/group). AAAp value < 0.001, compared to sham operation group. ∗∗p value < 0.01, compared to OVX group.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effect of M. citrifolia leaf extract on serum osteocalcin of OVX rats (N = 6/group). ∗∗p value < 0.01, compared to OVX group.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Effect of M. citrifolia leaf extract on serum calcium of OVX rats (N = 6/group). ∗p value < 0.05, compared to OVX group.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Effect of M. citrifolia leaf extract on serum alkaline phosphatase of OVX rats (N = 6/group). ∗∗p value < 0.01, compared to OVX group.
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