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. 2018 May 17;23(5):1197.
doi: 10.3390/molecules23051197.

Selected Plant Metabolites Involved in Oxidation-Reduction Processes during Bud Dormancy and Ontogenetic Development in Sweet Cherry Buds (Prunus avium L.)

Susanne Baldermann  1   2 , Thomas Homann  3 , Susanne Neugart  4 , Frank-M Chmielewski  5 , Klaus-Peter Götz  6 , Kristin Gödeke  7 , Gerd Huschek  8 , Getrud E Morlock  9 , Harshadrai M Rawel  10
Affiliations

Selected Plant Metabolites Involved in Oxidation-Reduction Processes during Bud Dormancy and Ontogenetic Development in Sweet Cherry Buds (Prunus avium L.)

Susanne Baldermann et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Many biochemical processes are involved in regulating the consecutive transition of different phases of dormancy in sweet cherry buds. An evaluation based on a metabolic approach has, as yet, only been partly addressed. The aim of this work, therefore, was to determine which plant metabolites could serve as biomarkers for the different transitions in sweet cherry buds. The focus here was on those metabolites involved in oxidation-reduction processes during bud dormancy, as determined by targeted and untargeted mass spectrometry-based methods. The metabolites addressed included phenolic compounds, ascorbate/dehydroascorbate, reducing sugars, carotenoids and chlorophylls. The results demonstrate that the content of phenolic compounds decrease until the end of endodormancy. After a long period of constancy until the end of ecodormancy, a final phase of further decrease followed up to the phenophase open cluster. The main phenolic compounds were caffeoylquinic acids, coumaroylquinic acids and catechins, as well as quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. The data also support the protective role of ascorbate and glutathione in the para- and endodormancy phases. Consistent trends in the content of reducing sugars can be elucidated for the different phenophases of dormancy, too. The untargeted approach with principle component analysis (PCA) clearly differentiates the different timings of dormancy giving further valuable information.

Keywords: Prunus avium L.; anti-oxidative capacity; ascorbate; dormancy; flower buds; phenolics; redox-metabolites.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Weekly and developmentally orientated changes of total content of phenolic compounds. (A) Season 2014/15; (B) Season 2015/16 and (C) Season 2016/17. Solid black circles indicate key developmental milestones. Abbreviations: LF, leaf fall; t1, end of endodormancy; t1*, beginning of ontogenetic development; DOY, day of year; DW, dry weight.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Composition of the main phenolic compounds at different developmental milestones, as determined by HPLC. (A) Season 2014/15; (B) Season 2015/16 and (C) Season 2016/17. (D) Correlation of the content of total phenolic compounds with the water content of the buds for the phenophase t1*–OC. Abbreviations: LF, leaf fall; t1 = endodormancy release, t1* = beginning of ontogenetic development, SB = swollen bud, SG = side green, GT = green tip, TC = tight cluster, OC = open cluster; DW, dry weight.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Weekly and developmentally orientated changes in anti-oxidative potential. Data is presented as Trolox (TEAC) or ascorbic acid (FRAP) equivalents. (A) Season 2014/15; (B) Season 2015/16 and (C) Season 2016/17. Filled symbols indicate key developmental milestones; (D) Correlation of water content v/s TEAC values; (E) Correlation of water content v/s FRAP values; both for the buds of the phenophase t1*–OC. Abbreviations: LF, leaf fall; t1 = endodormancy release, t1* = beginning of ontogenetic development, SB = swollen bud, SG = side green, GT = green tip, TC = tight cluster, OC = open cluster, DOY, day of year; DW, dry weight.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Weekly and development orientated changes of the content of AA and DHA content. (A) Season 2014/15; (B) Season 2015/16 and (C) Season 2016/17. Filled symbols indicate developmental milestones; (D) Correlation of water content v/s DHA values; (E) Correlation of water content v/s AA values; both for the buds of the phenophase t1*–OC. Abbreviations: AA, ascorbic acid; DHA, dehydroascorbic acid; LF, leaf fall; t1 = endodormancy release, t1* = beginning of ontogenetic development, SB = swollen bud, SG = side green, GT = green tip, TC = tight cluster, OC = open cluster, DOY, day of year; DW, dry weight.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Composition of the reducing sugars at the different developmental milestones as determined by HPLC. (A) Season 2014/15; (B) Season 2015/16 and (C) Season 2016/17. Abbreviations: LF, leaf fall; t1 = endodormancy release, t1* = beginning of ontogenetic development, SB = swollen bud, SG = side green, GT = green tip, TC = tight cluster, OC = open cluster; DW, dry weight. Different small letters in each season (a–f) indicate significantly different mean values of the total reducing sugars from the previous or subsequent values (Tukey s multiple comparisons test, p ≤ 0.05, n = 4) for each milestone.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Composition of the main carotenoids and chlorophylls during the different milestones of the development stages as determined by HPLC. (A) Season 2014/15; (B) Season 2015/16 and (C) Season 2016/17. Abbreviations: LF, leaf fall; t1 = endodormancy release, t1* = beginning of ontogenetic development, SB = swollen bud, SG = side green, GT = green tip, TC = tight cluster, OC = open cluster; DW, dry weight. Different small letters in each season (a–d) indicate significantly different mean values of the total carotenoid/chlorophylls from the previous or subsequent values (Tukey's multiple comparisons test, p ≤ 0.05, n = 4) for each milestone.
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