Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2018 May 18;5(5):CD011768.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011768.pub2.

Educational interventions for improving primary caregiver complementary feeding practices for children aged 24 months and under

Dachi Arikpo  1 , Ededet Sewanu Edet, Moriam T Chibuzor, Friday Odey, Deborah M Caldwell
Affiliations

Educational interventions for improving primary caregiver complementary feeding practices for children aged 24 months and under

Dachi Arikpo et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Although complementary feeding is a universal practice, the methods and manner in which it is practiced vary between cultures, individuals and socioeconomic classes. The period of complementary feeding is a critical time of transition in the life of an infant, and inappropriate complementary feeding practices, with their associated adverse health consequences, remain a significant global public health problem. Educational interventions are widely acknowledged as effective in promoting public health strategy, and those aimed at improving complementary feeding practices provide information about proper complementary feeding practices to caregivers of infants/children. It is therefore important to summarise evidence on the effectiveness of educational interventions to improve the complementary feeding practices of caregivers of infants.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of educational interventions for improving the complementary feeding (weaning) practices of primary caregivers of children of complementary feeding age, and related health and growth outcomes in infants.

Search methods: In November 2017, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 10 other databases and two trials registers. We also searched the reference lists of relevant studies and reviews to identify any additional studies. We did not limit the searches by date, language or publication status.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), comparing educational interventions to no intervention, usual practice, or educational interventions provided in conjunction with another intervention, so long as the educational intervention was only available in the experimental group and the adjunctive intervention was available to the control group. Study participants included caregivers of infants aged 4 to 24 months undergoing complementary feeding. Pregnant women who were expected to give birth and commence complementary feeding during the period of the study were also included.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data on participants, settings, interventions, methodology and outcomes using a specifically-developed and piloted data extraction form. We calculated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous data, and mean differences (MD) and 95% CIs for continuous data. Where data permitted, we conducted a meta-analysis using a random-effects model. We assessed the included studies for risk of bias and also assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included 23 studies (from 35 reports) with a total of 11,170 caregiver-infant pairs who were randomly assigned to receive an educational intervention delivered to the caregiver or usual care. Nineteen of the included studies were community-based studies while four were facility-based studies. In addition, 13 of the included studies were cluster-randomised while the others were individually randomised. Generally, the interventions were focused on the introduction of complementary feeding at the appropriate time, the types and amount of complementary foods to be fed to infants, and hygiene. Using the GRADE criteria, we assessed the quality of the evidence as moderate, mostly due to inadequate allocation concealment and insufficient blinding.Educational interventions led to improvements in complementary feeding practices for age at introduction of complementary foods (average RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.94; 4 studies, 1738 children; moderate-quality evidence) and hygiene practices (average RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.55; 4 studies, 2029 participants; moderate-quality evidence). For duration of exclusive breastfeeding, pooled results were compatible with both a reduction and an increase in the outcome (average RR 1.58, 95% CI 0.77 to 3.22; 3 studies, 1544 children; very low-quality evidence). There was limited (low to very low-quality) evidence of an effect for all growth outcomes.Quality of evidenceThere is moderate to very low-quality evidence that educational interventions can improve complementary feeding practices but insufficient evidence to conclude that it impacts growth outcomes.

Authors' conclusions: Overall, we found evidence that education improves complementary feeding practices.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Dachi Arikpo ‐ none known Ededet Sewanu Edet ‐ none known Moriam T Chibuzor ‐ none known Friday Odey ‐ none known Deborah M Caldwell received a Population Health Scientist Fellowship from the Medical Research Council (MRC), UK. The views expressed herein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the MRC.

Figures

1
1
Theoretical model: educational interventions for improving complementary feeding practices Footnotes
 aGSM: global system for mobile communication.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
4
4
Study flow diagram
5
5
Sensitivity analysis 3. Comparison of different ICC (primary outcomes), outcome: 3.1 duration of exclusive breastfeeding (≥ 4 months of age)
6
6
Sensitivity analysis 3. Comparison of different ICC (primary outcomes), outcome: 3.2 hygiene: handwashing before feeding
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011768

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Aboud 2008 {published data only}
    1. Aboud FE, Moore AC, Akhter S. Effectiveness of a community‐based responsive feeding programme in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised field trial. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2008;4(4):275‐86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00146.x; PUBMED: 18811792 ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Aboud 2009 {published data only}
    1. Aboud FE, Shafique S, Akhter S. A responsive feeding intervention increases children's self‐feeding and maternal responsiveness but not weight gain. The Journal of Nutrition 2009;139(9):1738‐43. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.104885; PUBMED: 19587124] - DOI - PubMed
Aboud 2011 {published data only}
    1. Aboud FE, Akhter S. A cluster‐randomised evaluation of a responsive stimulation and feeding intervention in Bangladesh. Pediatrics 2011;127(5):e1191‐7. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-2160; PUBMED: 21502222] - DOI - PubMed
Bhandari 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bhandari N, Bahl R, Nayyar B, Khokhar P, Rohde JE, Bhan MK. Food supplementation with encouragement to feed it to infants from 4 to 12 months of age has a small impact on weight gain. The Journal of Nutrition 2001;131(7):1946‐51. [PUBMED: 11435512] - PubMed
Bhandari 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bhandari N, Mazumder S, Bahl R, Martines J, Black RE, Bhan MK, et al. An educational intervention to promote appropriate complementary feeding practices and physical growth in infants and young children in rural Haryana, India. The Journal of Nutrition 2004;134(9):2342‐8. [PUBMED: 15333726] - PubMed
    1. Bhandari N, Mazumder S, Bahl R, Martines J, Black RE, Bhan MK, et al. Use of multiple opportunities for improving feeding practices in under‐twos within child health programmes. Health Policy and Planning 2005;20(5):328‐36. [DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czi039; PUBMED: 16113403] - DOI - PubMed
Campbell 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cameron AJ, Ball K, Hesketh KD, McNaughton SA, Salmon J, Crawford DA, et al. Variation in outcomes of the Melbourne Infant, Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT) Program according to maternal education and age. Preventive Medicine 2014;58:58‐63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.10.021; PUBMED: 24201090] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Campbell KJ, Lioret S, McNaughton SA, Crawford DA, Salmon J, Ball K, et al. A parent‐focused intervention to reduce infant obesity risk behaviors: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2013;131(4):652‐60. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2576; PUBMED: 23460688] - DOI - PubMed
Daniels 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Daniels L. Australia, actual number of children with the event in the intervention & control arms [personal communication]. Email to: D Arikpo 29 August 2016.
    1. Daniels LA, Mallan KM, Battistutta D, Nicholson JM, Perry R, Magarey A. Evaluation of an intervention to promote protective infant feeding practices to prevent childhood obesity: outcomes of the NOURISH RCT at 14 months of age and 6 months post the first of two intervention modules. International Journal of Obesity 2012;36(10):1292‐8. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.96; PUBMED: 22710926] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Daniels LA, Mallan KM, Nicholson JM, Battistutta D, Magarey A. Outcomes of an early feeding practices intervention to prevent childhood obesity. Pediatrics 2013;132(1):e109‐18. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2882; PUBMED: 23753098] - DOI - PubMed
de Oliveira 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nunes LM, Vigo Á, Oliveira LD, Giugliani ERJ. Effect of a healthy eating intervention on compliance with dietary recommendations in the first year of life: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers [Efeito de intervenção no cumprimento das recomendações alimentares no primeiro ano de vida: ensaio clínico randomizado com mães adolescentes e avós maternas]. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2017;33(6):e00205615. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311X00205615; PUBMED: 28678940] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Soldateli B, Vigo A, Giugliani ERJ. Adherence to dietary recommendations for preschoolers: clinical trial with teenage mothers. Revista De Saúde Pública 2016;50:83. [DOI: 10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006622; PMC5167099; PUBMED: 28099665] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oliveira LD, Giugliani ER, Santo LC, Nunes LM. Impact of a strategy to prevent the introduction of non‐breast milk and complementary foods during the first 6 months of life: a randomised clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Early Human Development 2012;88(6):357‐61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.09.010; NCT00910377; PUBMED: 22001312] - DOI - PubMed
Edward 2013 {published data only}
    1. Edwards RC, Thullen MJ, Korfmacher J, Lantos JD, Henson LG, Hans SL. Breastfeeding and complementary food: randomized trial of community doula home visiting. Pediatrics 2013;132(Suppl 2):S160‐6. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-1021P; NCT01925664; PUBMED: 24187119] - DOI - PubMed
Kang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kang Y, Kim S, Sinamo S, Christian P. Effectiveness of a community‐based nutrition programme to improve child growth in rural Ethiopia: a cluster‐randomized trial. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2017;13(1):e12349. [DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12349; PUBMED: 27549570] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Koehler 2007 {published data only}
    1. Koehler S, Sichert‐Hellert W, Kersting M. Measuring the effects of nutritional counseling on total infant diet in a randomised controlled intervention trial. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2007;45(1):106‐13. [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3180331e2a; PUBMED: 17592372] - DOI - PubMed
Negash 2014 {published data only}
    1. Negash C, Belachew T, Henry CJ, Kebebu A, Abegaz K, Whiting SJ. Nutrition education and introduction of broad bean‐based complementary food improves knowledge and dietary practices of caregivers and nutritional status of their young children in Hula, Ethiopia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2014;35(4):480‐6. [DOI: 10.1177/156482651403500409; 25639132] - DOI - PubMed
Olaya 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fewtrell M. Colombia, actual number of children with the event in the intervention & control arms [personal communication]. Email to: D Arikpo 6 October 2016.
    1. Olaya GA, Lawson M, Fewtrell MS. Efficacy and safety of new complementary feeding guidelines with an emphasis on red meat consumption: a randomised trial in Bogota, Colombia. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;98(4):983‐93. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.053595; ISRCTN57733004; PUBMED: 23945724] - DOI - PubMed
Penny 2005 {published data only}
    1. Penny ME, Creed‐Kanashiro HM, Robert RC, Narro MR, Caulfield LE, Black RE. Effectiveness of an educational intervention delivered through the health services to improve nutrition in young children: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9474):1863‐72. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66426-4; PUBMED: 15924983] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Robert RC. Australia, actual number of children with the event in the intervention & control arms and time points growth was measured [personal communication]. Email to: D Arikpo 27 December 2016.
Reinbott 2016 {published data only}
    1. Reinbott A. Germany, actual number of children with the event in the intervention & control arms [personal communication]. Email to: D Arikpo 20 April 2017.
    1. Reinbott A, Schelling A, Kuchenbecker J, Jeremias T, Russell I, Kevanna O, et al. Nutrition education linked to agricultural interventions improved child dietary diversity in rural Cambodia. British Journal of Nutrition 2016;116(8):1457‐68. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516003433; PMC5082286; PUBMED: 27702425] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Saleem 2014 {published data only}
    1. Saleem AF, Mahmud S, Baig‐Ansari N, Zaidi AKM. Impact of maternal education about complementary feeding on their infants' nutritional outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income households: a community‐based randomised interventional study in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2014;32(4):623‐33. [PMC4438693] - PMC - PubMed
Schroeder 2015 {published data only}
    1. Schroeder N, Rushovich B, Bartlett E, Gittelsohn J, Caballero B. Early obesity prevention: a randomized trial of a practice‐based intervention in 0‐24 months infants. The FASEB Journal 2012;26(1 Suppl):374.3. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.374.3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schroeder N, Rushovich B, Bartlett E, Sharma S, Gittelsohn J, Caballero B. Early obesity prevention: a randomised trial of a practice‐based intervention in 0‐24‐month infants. Journal of Obesity 2015;2015:795859. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/795859; PMC4442409; PUBMED: 26078877] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shi 2010 {published data only}
    1. Shi L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Caulfield LE, Guyer B. Effectiveness of an educational intervention on complementary feeding practices and growth in rural China: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 2010;13(4):556‐65. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980009991364; PUBMED: 19706219] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zhang J, Shi L, Chen DF, Wang J, Wang Y. Effectiveness of an educational intervention to improve child feeding practices and growth in rural China: updated results at 18 months of age. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2013;9(1):118‐29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00447.x; PUBMED: 23020102] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tariku 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tariku B, Whiting SJ, Mulualem D, Singh P. Application of the Health Belief Model to teach complementary feeding messages in Ethiopia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2015;54(5):572‐82. [DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2015.1049344; PUBMED: 26075935] - DOI - PubMed
Vazir 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bentley ME, Vazir S, Engle P, Balakrishna N, Johnson S, Creed H, et al. A home‐based educational intervention to caregivers in South India to improve complementary feeding and responsive feeding, and psychosocial stimulation increases dietary intake, growth and development of infants. The FASEB Journal 2010;24(1 Suppl):564.14. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.564.14] - DOI
    1. Vazir S, Engle P, Balakrishna N, Griffiths PL, Johnson SL, Creed‐Kanashiro H, et al. Cluster‐randomized trial on complementary and responsive feeding education to caregivers found improved dietary intake, growth and development among rural Indian toddlers. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2013;9(1):99‐117. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00413.x; PMC3434308; PUBMED: 22625182] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Vitolo 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bortolini GA, Vitolo MR. The impact of systematic dietary counseling during the first year of life on prevalence rates of anemia and iron deficiency at 12‐16 months. Jornal de Pediatria 2012;88(1):33‐9. [DOI: 10.2223/JPED.2156; NCT00629629; PUBMED: 22159301] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Louzada ML, Campagnolo PD, Rauber F, Vitolo MR. Long‐term effectiveness of maternal dietary counseling in a low‐income population: a randomized field trial. Pediatrics 2012;129(6):e1477‐84. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-3063; NCT00629629; PUBMED: 22566413] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Vitolo MR, Bortolini GA, Campagnolo PD, Hoffman DJ. Maternal dietary counseling reduces consumption of energy‐dense foods among infants: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(2):140‐7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2011.06.012; PUBMED: 22189004] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Vitolo MR, Bortolini GA, Feldens CA, Drachler ML. Impacts of the 10 Steps to Healthy Feeding in Infants: a randomized field trial [Impactos da implementação dos dez passos da alimentação saudável para crianças: ensaio de campo randomizado]. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2005;21(5):1448‐57. [DOI: ; PUBMED: 16158151] - PubMed
    1. Vitolo MR, Rauber F, Campagnolo PD, Feldens CA, Hoffman DJ. Maternal dietary counseling in the first year of life is associated with a higher healthy eating index in childhood. The Journal of Nutrition 2010;140(11):2002‐7. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.125211; NCT00629629; PUBMED: 20844187] - DOI - PubMed
Wen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wen LM, Baur LA, Simpson JM, Rissel C, Flood VM. Effectiveness of an early intervention on infant feeding practices and "tummy time": a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2011;165(8):701‐7. [DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.115; ACTRN012607000168459; PUBMED: 21810633] - DOI - PubMed
Yin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Yin SA, Li N, Yan ZY, Pan L, Lai JQ, Zhao XF. Effects of nutritional education on improvement of nutritional knowledge of infant's mothers in rural area in China. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 2009;43(2):103‐7. [PUBMED: 19534900] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Arimond 2017 {published data only}
    1. Arimond M, Abbeddou S, Kumwenda C, Okronipa H, Hemsworth J, Jimenez EY, et al. Impact of small quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements on infant and young child feeding practices at 18 months of age: results from four randomized controlled trials in Africa. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2017;13(3):e12377. [DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12377; PMC5516197; PUBMED: 27910260] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Arpadi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Arpadi S, Fawzy A, Aldrovandi GM, Kankasa C, Sinkala M, Mwiya M, et al. Growth faltering due to breastfeeding cessation in uninfected children born to HIV‐infected mothers in Zambia. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;90(2):344‐53. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27745.; NCT00310726; PMC2709311; PUBMED: 19553300] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Black 2001 {published data only}
    1. Black MM, Siegel EH, Abel Y, Bentley ME. Home and videotape intervention delays early complementary feeding among adolescent mothers. Pediatrics 2001;107(5):e67. [PUBMED: 11331717] - PubMed
Brown 1992 {published data only}
    1. Brown LV, Zeitlin MF, Peterson KE, Chowdhury AMR, Rogers BL, Weld LH, et al. Evaluation of the impact of weaning food messages on infant feeding practices and child growth in rural Bangladesh. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56(6):994‐1003. [PUBMED: 1442668] - PubMed
Cameron 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cameron SL, Taylor RW, Gray AR, Taylor BJ, Heath A‐LM. Exclusive breastfeeding to six months: results from a randomised controlled trial including lactation consultant support. The FASEB Journal 2013;27(1 Suppl):lb345. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.lb345] - DOI
Clark 2009 {published data only}
    1. Clark A, Anderson, J, Adams E, Baker S, Barrett K. Assessing an infant feeding web site as a nutrition education tool for child care providers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2009;41(1):41‐6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2007.12.007; PUBMED: 19161919] - DOI - PubMed
Dumaguing 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dumaguing NV, Hurtada WA, Yee MG. Complementary feeding counselling promotes physical growth of infant and young children in rural villages in Leyte, Philippines. Journal of Society and Technology 2015;5(1):1‐15. [Available at: www.jst‐online.org/index.php/JST/article/view/39]
Faerber 2017 {published data only}
    1. Faerber EC, Ko J, Weiss J, Girard AW. Evaluation of an innovative feeding toolkit to improve complementary feeding and child growth in rural Malawi. The FASEB Journal 2017;31(1 Suppl):165.2. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.165.2] - DOI
Fangupo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cameron SL, Heath AL, Gray AR, Churcher B, Davies RS, Newlands A, et al. Lactation consultant support from late pregnancy with an educational intervention at 4 months of age delays the introduction of complementary foods in a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition 2015;145(7):1481‐90. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.202689; NCT00892983; PUBMED: 25995280] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fangupo LJ, Heath AL, Williams SM, Somerville MR, Lawrence JA, Gray AR, et al. Impact of an early‐life intervention on the nutrition behaviors of 2‐y‐old children: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;102(3):704‐12. [DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111823; NCT00892983; PUBMED: 26224299] - DOI - PubMed
Fernald 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fernald LCH, Galasso E, Qamruddin J, Ranaivoso C, Ratsifandrihamanana L, Stewart CP, et al. A cluster‐randomized, controlled trial of nutritional supplementation and promotion of responsive parenting in Madagascar: the MAHAY study design and rationale. BMC Public Health 2016;16:466. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3097-7; ISRCTN14393738; PMC4891833; PUBMED: 27255923] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fildes 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fildes A, Lopes C, Moreira P, Moschonis G, Oliveira A, Mavrogianni C, et al. An exploratory trial of parental advice for increasing vegetable acceptance in infancy. The British Journal of Nutrition 2015;114(2):328‐36. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515001695; PUBMED: 26063588] - DOI - PubMed
Ford 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ford FA, Mouratidou T, Wademan SE, Fraser RB. Effect of the introduction of 'Healthy Start' on dietary behaviour during and after pregnancy: early results from the 'before and after' Sheffield study. The British Journal of Nutrition 2009;101(12):1828‐36. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508135899; PUBMED: 19017424] - DOI - PubMed
Guldan 2000 {published data only}
    1. Guldan GS, Fan HC, Ma X, Ni ZZ, Xiang X, Tang MZ. Culturally appropriate nutrition education improves infant feeding and growth in rural Sichuan, China. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130(5):1204‐11. [PUBMED: 10801920] - PubMed
Haider 2013 {published data only}
    1. Haider R. Challenges of a community‐based peer counselling programme to promote and support appropriate complementary feeding in Bangladesh. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):659. [DOI: 10.1159/000354245; PO831] - DOI
Hotz 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hotz C, Gibson RS. Participatory nutrition education and adoption of new feeding practices are associated with improved adequacy of complementary diets among rural Malawian children: a pilot study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;59(2):226‐37. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602063; PUBMED: 15483634] - DOI - PubMed
Jakobsen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jakobsen MS, Sodemann M, Biai S, Nielsen J, Aaby P. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding is not likely to be cost effective in West Africa. A randomised intervention study from Guinea‐Bissau. Acta Paediatrica 2008;97(1):68‐75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00532.x; PUBMED: 18053000 ] - DOI - PubMed
Kabahenda 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kabahenda M, Mullis RM, Erhardt JG, Northrop‐Clewes C, Nickols SY. Nutrition education to improve dietary intake and micronutrient nutriture among children in less‐resourced areas: a randomised controlled intervention in Kabarole district, Western Uganda. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;24(2):83‐8. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2011.11734355] - DOI
Kapur 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kapur D, Sharma S, Agarwal KN. Effectiveness of nutrition education, iron supplementation or both on iron status in children. Indian Pediatrics 2003;40(12):1131‐44. [PUBMED: 14722364] - PubMed
Kilaru 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kilaru A, Griffiths PL, Ganapathy S, Ghosh S. Community‐based nutrition education for improving infant growth in rural Karnataka. Indian Pediatrics 2005;42(5):425‐32. [PUBMED: 15923688] - PubMed
Kim 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kim SS, Rawat R, Mwangi EM, Tesfaye R, Abebe Y, Baker J, et al. Exposure to large‐scale social and behavior change communication interventions is associated with improvements in infant and young child feeding practices in Ethiopia. Plos One 2016;11(10):e0164800. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164800; PMC5068829; PUBMED: 27755586] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Klingberg 2017 {published data only}
    1. Klingberg S, Ludvigsson J, Brekke HK. Introduction of complementary foods in Sweden and impact of maternal education on feeding practices. Public Health Nutrition 2017;20(6):1054‐62. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980016003104; PUBMED: 27917749] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kuchenbecker 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kuchenbecker J, Reinbott A, Mtimuni B, Krawinkel M, Jordan I. Nutrition education improves dietary diversity of children 6‐23 months at community‐level: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in Malawi. PLoS One 2017;12(4):e0175216. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175216; PMC5398527; PUBMED: 28426678] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Maslowsky 2016 {published data only}
    1. Maslowsky J, Frost S, Hendrick CE, Trujillo Cruz FO, Merajver SD. Effects of postpartum mobile phone‐based education on maternal and infant health in Ecuador. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2016;134(1):93‐8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.12.008; PUBMED: 27126905 ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Menon 2016 {published data only}
    1. Menon P, Nguyen PH, Saha KK, Khaled A, Sanghvi T, Baker J, at al. Combining intensive counseling by frontline workers with a nationwide mass media campaign has large differential impacts on complementary feeding practices but not on child growth: results of a cluster‐randomized program evaluation in Bangladesh. The Journal of Nutrition 2016;146(10):2075‐84. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.232314; NCT01678716; PMC5037872; PUBMED: 27581575] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mulualem 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mulualem D, Henry CJ, Berhanu G, Whiting SJ. The effectiveness of nutrition education: applying the Health Belief Model in child‐feeding practices to use pulses for complementary feeding in Southern Ethiopia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2016;55(3):308‐23. [DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2016.1161617; PUBMED: 27065308 ] - DOI - PubMed
Nair 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nair N, Tripathy P, Sachdev HS, Pradhan H, Bhattacharyya S, Gope R, et al. Effect of participatory women's groups and counselling through home visits on children's linear growth in rural eastern India (CARING trial): a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Lancet, Global Health 2017;5(10):e1004‐16. [DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30339-X; PMC5640793; PUBMED: 28911749] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Neyzi 1991 {published data only}
    1. Neyzi O, Güleçyüz M, Dinçer Z, Olgun P, Kutluay T, Uzel N, et al. An educational intervention on promotion of breast feeding complemented by continuing support. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 1991;5(3):299‐303. [PUBMED: 1881840] - PubMed
Nikiema 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nikièma L, Huybregts L, Martin‐Prevel Y, Donnen P, Lanou H, Grosemans J, et al. Effectiveness of facility‐based personalized maternal nutrition counseling in improving child growth and morbidity up to 18 months: a cluster‐randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2017;12(5):e0177839. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177839; PMC5444625; PUBMED: 28542391] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Olney 2015 {published data only}
    1. Olney DK, Pedehombga A, Ruel MT, Dillon A. A 2‐year integrated agriculture and nutrition and health behavior change communication program targeted to women in Burkina Faso reduces anemia, wasting, and diarrhea in children 3‐12.9 months of age at baseline: a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition 2015;145(6):1317‐24. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.203539; NCT01825226; PUBMED: 25904734] - DOI - PubMed
Owais 2017 {published data only}
    1. Owais A, Schwartz B, Kleinbaum DG, Suchdev PS, Faruque ASG, Das SK, et al. A nutrition education program in rural Bangladesh was associated with improved feeding practices but not with child growth. The Journal of Nutrition 2017;147(5):948‐54. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.243956; PUBMED: 28298543] - DOI - PubMed
Pachon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Marsh DR, Pachón H, Schroeder DG, Ha TT, Dearden K, Lang TT, et al. Design of a prospective, randomised evaluation of an integrated nutrition program in rural Viet Nam. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2002;23(4 Suppl):36‐47. [PUBMED: 12503230] - PubMed
    1. Pachón H, Schroeder DG, Marsh DR, Dearden KA, Ha TT, Lang TT. Effect of an integrated child nutrition intervention on the complementary food intake of young children in rural north Viet Nam. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2002;23(4 Suppl):62‐9. [PUBMED: 12503233] - PubMed
    1. Schroeder DG, Pachón H, Dearden KA, Kwon CB, Ha TT, Lang TT, et al. An integrated child nutrition intervention improved growth of younger, more malnourished children in northern Viet Nam. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2002;23(4 Suppl):53‐61. [PUBMED: 12503232] - PubMed
Pant 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pant CR, Pokharel GP, Curtale F, Pokhrel RP, Grosse RN, Lepkowski J, et al. Impact of nutrition education and mega‐dose vitamin A supplementation on the health of children in Nepal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1996;74(5):533‐45. [PMC2486860; PUBMED: 9002334] - PMC - PubMed
Pelto 2004 {published data only}
    1. Pelto GH, Santos I, Gonçalves H, Victora C, Martines J, Habicht JP. Nutrition counseling training changes physician behavior and improves caregiver knowledge acquisition. The Journal of Nutrition 2004;134(2):357‐62. [PUBMED: 14747672] - PubMed
Reich 2010 {published data only}
    1. Reich SM, Bickman L, Saville BR, Alvarez J. The effectiveness of baby books for providing paediatric anticipatory guidance to new mothers. Pediatrics 2010;125(5):997‐1002. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2728; NIHMS191726; PMC2875122] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Reinsma 2016 {published data only}
    1. Reinsma K, Nkuoh G, Nshom E. The potential effectiveness of the nutrition improvement program on infant and young child feeding and nutritional status in the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon, Central Africa. BMC Health Services Research 2016;16(1):654. [DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1899-z; PMC5109805; PUBMED: 27846828] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Robling 2016 {published data only}
    1. Robling M, Bekkers MJ, Bell K, Butler CC, Cannings‐John R, Channon S, et al. Effectiveness of a nurse‐led intensive home‐visitation programme for first‐time teenage mothers (Building Blocks): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016;387(10014):146‐55. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00392-X; ISRCTN23019866; PMC4707160; PUBMED: 26474809] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Roset‐Salla 2016 {published data only}
    1. Roset‐Salla M, Ramon‐Cabot J, Salabarnada‐Torras J, Pera G, Dalmau A. Educational intervention to improve adherence to the Mediterranean diet among parents and their children aged 1‐2 years. EniM clinical trial. Public Health Nutrition 2016;19(6):1131‐44. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015002219; PUBMED: 26258462] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Roy 2005 {published data only}
    1. Roy SK, Fuchs GJ, Mahmud Z, Ara G, Islam S, Shafique S, et al. Intensive nutrition education with or without supplementary feeding improves the nutritional status of moderately‐malnourished children in Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2005;23(4):320‐30. [PUBMED: 16599102] - PubMed
Roy 2007 {published data only}
    1. Roy SK, Jolly SP, Shafique S, Fuchs GJ, Mahmud Z, Chakraborty B, at al. Prevention of malnutrition among young children in rural Bangladesh by a food‐health‐care educational intervention: a randomised, controlled trial. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2007;28(4):375‐83. [DOI: 10.1177/156482650702800401; PUBMED: 18274163 ] - DOI - PubMed
Salehi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Salehi M, Kimiagar SM, Shahbazi M, Mehrabi Y, Kolahi AA. Assessing the impact of nutrition education on growth indices of Iranian nomadic children: an application of a modified beliefs, attitudes, subjective‐norms and enabling‐factors model. The British Journal of Nutrition 2004;91(5):779‐87. [DOI: 10.1079/BJN20041099; PUBMED: 15137930] - DOI - PubMed
Santos 2001 {published data only}
    1. Santos I, Victora CG, Martines J, Gonçalves H, Gigante DP, Valle NJ, et al. Nutrition counseling increases weight gain among Brazilian children. The Journal of Nutrition 2001;131(11):2866‐73. [PUBMED: 11694610] - PubMed
Savage 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hohman EE, Paul IM, Birch LL, Savage JS. INSIGHT responsive parenting intervention is associated with healthier patterns of dietary exposures in infants. Obesity 2017;25(1):185‐91. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.21705; PMC5189916; PUBMED: 28008749] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hohman EE, Savage JS, Paul IM, Birch LL. INSIGHT study parenting intervention to prevent childhood obesity improves patterns of dietary exposures in infants. The FASEB Journal 2016;30(1 Suppl):295.2. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.295.2] - DOI
    1. Savage JS, Birch LL, Marini M, Anzman‐Frasca S, Paul IM. Effect of the INSIGHT responsive parenting intervention on rapid infant weight gain and overweight status at age 1 year: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics 2016;170(8):742‐9. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0445; NCT01167270; PMC4969142; PUBMED: 27271455] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Spigelblatt 1991 {published data only}
    1. Spigelblatt L, Lainé‐Ammara G, Arsenault L, Zvagulis I, Pless IB. Influence of follow‐up education of mothers about too early introduction of solid foods to infants [Influence d'une education suivie aupres des meres sur l'introduction trop rapede des solides dans l'alimentation du nourrisson]. Pediatrie 1991;46(5):475‐9. [PUBMED: 1663244] - PubMed
Taylor 2017 {published data only}
    1. Taylor RW, Williams SM, Fangupo LJ, Wheeler BJ, Taylor BJ, Daniels L, et al. Effect of a baby‐led approach to complementary feeding on infant growth and overweight: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics 2017;171(9):838‐46. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1284; ACTRN12612001133820; PMC5710413 [Available on 05‐09‐2018] ; PUBMED: 28692728] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Thompson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Thompson DA, Joshi A, Hernandez RG, Bair‐Merritt MH, Arora M, Luna R, et al. Nutrition education via a touchscreen: a randomised controlled trial in Latino immigrant parents of infants and toddlers. Academic Pediatrics 2012;12(5):412‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2012.03.020; NCT01272492; PUBMED: 22682718] - DOI - PubMed
Vitolo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vitolo MR, Louzada ML, Rauber F. Positive impact of child feeding training program for primary care health professionals: a cluster randomized field trial. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 2014;17(4):873‐86. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-4503201400040007; PUBMED: 25388488] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Vitolo MR, Louzada ML, Rauber F, Grechi P, Gama CM. The impact of health workers' training on breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices [Impacto da atualização de profissionais de saúde sobre as práticas de amamentação e alimentação complementar]. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2014;30(8):1695‐707. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311X00186913; PUBMED: 25210909] - DOI - PubMed
Wambach 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wambach KA, Aaronson L, Breedlove G, Domian EW, Rojjanasrirat W, Yeh HW. A randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding support and education for adolescent mothers. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2011;33(4):486‐505. [DOI: 10.1177/0193945910380408; PUBMED: 20876551 ] - DOI - PubMed
Waswa 2015 {published data only}
    1. Waswa LM, Jordan I, Herrmann J, Krawinkel MB, Keding GB. Community‐based educational intervention improved the diversity of complementary diets in western Kenya: results from a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 2015;18(18):3406‐19. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015000920; PUBMED: 25857703] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yousafzai 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yousafzai AK, Obradović J, Rasheed MA, Rizvi A, Portilla XA, Tirado‐Strayer N, et al. Effects of responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions on children's development and growth at age 4 years in a disadvantaged population in Pakistan: a longitudinal follow‐up of a cluster‐randomised factorial effectiveness trial. Lancet, Global Health 2016;4(8):e548‐58. [DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30100-0; NCT00715936; PUBMED: 27342433] - DOI - PubMed
Zaman 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zaman S, Ashraf RN, Martines J. Training in complementary feeding counselling of healthcare workers and its influence on maternal behaviours and child growth: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial in Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2008;26(2):210‐22. [PMC2740673; PUBMED: 18686554] - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Y, Wu Q, Wang W, Velthoven MH, Chang S, Han H, et al. Effectiveness of complementary food supplements and dietary counselling on anaemia and stunting in children aged 6‐23 months in poor areas of Qinghai Province, China: a controlled interventional study. BMJ Open 2016;6(10):e011234. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011234; ChiCTRPRC12002444; PMC5093399; PUBMED: 27799239] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Dunlevy 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dunlevy F, Sheridan‐Pereira M, Koornneef E. Can antenatal education alter the preferred time of weaning?. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2010;50(Suppl 2):e40‐41. [PD‐N‐099; journals.lww.com/jpgn/toc/2010/06002]
Dunlvey 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dunlevy FB, Sheridan‐Pereira M. Improved timing of fish introduction in infancy. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2012;7(1):128. [DOI: 10.1016/S1744-1161(12)70312-5; PP261‐SUN] - DOI
Guan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Guan H. Community‐based educational intervention improved caregivers feeding behaviors and the nutritional anemia in infant aged 6‐11 months: a randomized controlled trial in rural China. European Journal of Pediatrics 2016;175(11):1487‐88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2785-8; 283] - DOI
Jordan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jordan I, Kuchenbecker J, Phiri GC, Mühlhoff E, Herrmann J, Krawinkel MB. Food based nutrition education improved complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children below 2 years in Malawi. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2015;67(Suppl 1):471‐2. [DOI: 10.1159/000440895; 149/1396] - DOI
Palacios 2017 {published data only}
    1. Palacios C, Campos M, Gibby C, Banna J. Multi‐site trial using short mobile messages (SMS) to improve infant feeding practices among participants in the WIC program. The FASEB Journal 2017;31(1 Suppl):959.8. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.959.8] - DOI
Paul 2011 {published data only}
    1. Paul IM, Savage JS, Anzman SL, Beiler JS, Marini ME, Stokes JL, et al. Preventing obesity during infancy: a pilot study. Obesity 2011;19(2):353‐61. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.182; NCT00359242; PMC3477360; PUBMED: 20725058] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rabadi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rabadi H, Al Sharif N. Community based intervention improves infant feeding practices in Bethlehem villages. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):401. [DOI: 10.1159/000354245; P0302] - DOI
Savage 2010 {published data only}
    1. Savage JS, Paul IM, Marini ME, Birch LL. Pilot intervention promoting responsive feeding, the division of feeding responsibility, and healthy dietary choices during infancy. Appetite 2010;54(3):673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.178] - DOI
Shafique 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shafique S, Chowdhury J, Jolly S, Shikder H, Sellen D, Zlotkin S. Prevention of linear growth faltering among low birth weight infants in rural Bangladesh: a community‐based cluster randomised trial. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):1127‐8. [DOI: 10.1159/000354245; P03332] - DOI
    1. Shafique S, Jalal CSB, Jolly SP, Shikder H, Sellen DW, Zlotkin S. Effects of water‐based hand sanitizers and micronutrient powders along with nutrition and hygiene education to prevent infections and linear growth faltering among low birth weight infants in Bangladesh. The FASEB Journal 2013;27(1 Suppl):243.1. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.243.1] - DOI
    1. Shafique S, Singla D, Aboud F, Jolly S, Zlotkin S. Multiple micronutrient powders reduce stunting and anaemia and improve language development among full‐term low birth weight children in Bangladesh. The FASEB Journal 2014;28(1 Suppl):389.3. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.389.3] - DOI
Toure 2016 {published data only}
    1. Toure D, Rawat R, Stoltzfus RJ, Harvey D, Mwanamwenge M, Pelletier DL. The effects of a nutrition‐sensitive agricultural intervention on social support, food security and maternal self‐efficacy in complementary feeding. The FASEB Journal 2016;30(1 Suppl):247.4. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.274.4] - DOI

References to ongoing studies

Campbell 2016 {published data only}
    1. Campbell KJ, Hesketh KD, McNaughton SA, Ball K, McCallum Z, Lynch J, et al. The Extended Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT Extend) Program: a cluster‐randomized controlled trial of an early intervention to prevent childhood obesity. BMC Public Health 2016;16:166. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2836-0; ACTRN12611000386932; PMC4758178; PUBMED: 26888759] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cloutier 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cloutier MM, Wiley J, Wang Z, Grant A, Gorin AA. The Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Program (ECHO): an ecologically‐based intervention delivered by home visitors for newborns and their mothers. BMC Public Health 2015;15:584. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1897-9; NCT02052518; PUBMED: 26104068] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Helle 2017 {published data only}
    1. Helle C, Hillesund ER, Omholt ML, Øverby NC. Early food for future health: a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an eHealth intervention aiming to promote healthy food habits from early childhood. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):729. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4731-8; PMC5607575; PUBMED: 28931384] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hernes 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hernes S, Haugen M, Øverby N. First food for infants. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):326‐7. [DOI: 10.1159/000354245; P0148] - DOI
Horodynski 2011 {published data only}
    1. Horodynski MA, Olson B, Baker S, Brophy‐Herb H, Auld G, Egeren L, et al. Healthy babies through infant‐centred feeding protocol: an intervention targeting early childhood obesity in vulnerable populations. BMC Public Health 2011;11:868. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-868; ACTRN126100000415000; PMC3339510; PUBMED: 22085421] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Horodynski 2015 {published data only}
    1. Horodynski MA, Silk K, Hsieh G, Hoffman A, Robson M. Tools for teen moms to reduce infant obesity: a randomised clinical trial. BMC Public Health 2015;15:22. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1345-x; NCT02244424; PMC4308927; PUBMED: 5604090] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kimani‐Murage 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kimani‐Murage EW, Kyobutungi C, Ezeh AC, Wekesah F, Wanjohi M, Muriuki P, et al. Effectiveness of personalised, home‐based nutritional counselling on infant feeding practices, morbidity and nutritional outcomes among infants in Nairobi slums: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:445. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-445; ISRCTN83692672; PUBMED: 24370263] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kulwa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kulwa KB, Verstraeten R, Bouckaert KP, Mamiro PS, Kolsteren PW, Lachat C. Effectiveness of a nutrition education package in improving feeding practices, dietary adequacy and growth of infants and young children in rural Tanzania: rationale, design and methods of a cluster randomised trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1077. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1077; NCT02249754; PMC4216379; PUBMED: 25318980] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
SHINE Team 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial Team, Humphrey JH, Jones AD, Manges A, Mangwadu G, Maluccio JA, et al. The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial: rationale, design, and methods. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2015;61(Suppl 7):S685‐702. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ844; NCT01824940; PMC4657589; PUBMED: 26602296] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wasser 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wasser H, Bentley M. Mothers and others: designing a randomized trial to prevent obesity among infants and toddlers. FASEB Journal 29 2015; Vol. 29, issue 1 Suppl:584.16. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.584.16] - DOI

Additional references

Ajzen 1991
    1. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1991;50(2):179‐211.
Arimond 2004
    1. Arimond M, Ruel M. Dietary diversity is associated with child nutritional status: evidence from 11 demographic and health surveys. Journal of Nutrition 2004;134(10):2579–85. [PUBMED: 15465751] - PubMed
Bhutta 2012
    1. Bhutta ZA, Salam RA. Global nutrition epidemiology and trends. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2012;61(Suppl 1):19‐27. [DOI: 10.1159/000345167; PUBMED: 23343944] - DOI - PubMed
Black 1982
    1. Black RE, Brown KH, Becker S, Alim ARMA, Merson MH. Contamination of weaning foods and transmission of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea in children in rural Bangladesh. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1982;76(2):259‐64. [PUBMED: 7048652] - PubMed
Black 2008
    1. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, Onis M, Ezzati M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 2008;371(9608):243‐60. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0; PUBMED: 18207566] - DOI - PubMed
Bluethmann 2017
    1. Bluethmann SM, Bartholomew LK, Murphy CC, Vernon SW. Use of theory in behavior change interventions: an analysis of programs to increase physical activity in posttreatment breast cancer survivors. Health Education & Behavior 2017;44(2):245‐53. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198116647712; NIHMS872708; PMC5503486] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Brunello 2012
    1. Brunello G, Fort M, Schneeweis N, Winter‐Ebmer R. The causal effect of education on health: what is the role of health behaviours? Working Paper Series 08‐2012. www.share‐project.org/uploads/tx_sharepublications/WP_08_2012_Brunello_Fort_Schnee... (accessed 26 January 2018). - PubMed
Burgess 2012
    1. Burgess A, Danga L. Undernutrition in adults and children: causes, consequences and what we can do. www.ajol.info/index.php/ssmj/article/view/132347/121948 (accessed 14 February 2015).
Ciciriello 2013
    1. Ciciriello S, Johnston RV, Osborne RH, Wicks I, DeKroo T, Clerehan R, et al. Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008416.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Darity 1997
    1. Darity WA, Chen TTL, Tuthill RW, Buchanan DR, Winder AE, Stanek E, et al. A multi‐city community based smoking research intervention project in the African‐American population. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1997;17(2):117‐30. [DOI: 10.2190/CEXY-WG7C-GL3E-A2BP; PUBMED: 20841058] - DOI - PubMed
Davis 2015
    1. Davis R, Campbell R, Hildon Z, Hobbs L, Michie S. Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review. Health Psychology Review 2015;9(No. 3):323–44. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2014.941722; 25104107] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Deeks 2017
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG, editor(s). Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston M, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). Cochrane, 2017. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Dewey 2008
    1. Dewey KG, Adu‐Afarwuah S. Systematic review of the efficacy and effectiveness of complementary feeding interventions in developing countries. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2008;4(Suppl 1):24–85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709; PUBMED: 18289157] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fein 2008
    1. Fein SB, Labiner‐Wolfe J, Scanlon KS, Grummer‐Strawn LM. Selected complementary feeding practices and their association with maternal education. Pediatrics 2008;122(Suppl 2):S91–7. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1315l; PUBMED: 18829837] - DOI - PubMed
Fischer Walker 2012
    1. Fischer Walker CL, Perin J, Aryee M, Boschi‐Pinto C, Black RE. Diarrhea incidence in low‐and middle‐income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2012;12:220. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-220; PMC3323412; PUBMED: 22436130] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fischer Walker 2013
    1. Fischer Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratu E, Bhutta Z, et al. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 2013;381(9875):1405‐16. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6; PUBMED: 23582727 ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fredericks 2013
    1. Fredericks S, Yau T. Educational intervention reduces complications and re‐hospitalizations after heart surgery. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2013;35(10):1251‐65. [DOI: 10.1177/0193945913490081; PUBMED: 23720096] - DOI - PubMed
Gibbons 1984
    1. Gibbons G, Griffiths M. Program Activities for Improving Weaning Practices. Geneva (CH): World Federation of Public Health Associations, 1984.
Glanz 2010
    1. Glanz K, Bishop DB. The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annual Review of Public Health 2010;31:399–418. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604; PUBMED: 20070207] - DOI - PubMed
Glanz 2014
    1. Glanz K. E‐source: the authority on behavioral and social science research. www.esourceresearch.org (accessed 6 July 2014).
Gold 2002
    1. Gold RS, Miner KR, 2000 Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology. Report of the 2000 Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology. The Journal of School Health 2002;72(1):3‐7. [PUBMED: 11865796] - PubMed
GRADEpro GDT 2015 [Computer program]
    1. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime). GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed 19 January 2015. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2015.
Guyatt 2008
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck‐Ytter Y, Alonso‐Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hamilton 2011
    1. Hamilton K, Daniels L, White KM, Murray N, Walsh A. Predicting mothers’ decisions to introduce complementary feeding at 6 months. An investigation using an extended theory of planned behaviour. Appetite 2011;56(3):674‐81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.002; PUBMED: 21316413] - DOI - PubMed
Henry 1990
    1. Henry FJ, Patwary Y, Huttly SR, Aziz KM. Bacterial contamination of weaning foods and drinking water in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiology and Infection 1990;104(1):79‐85. [PMC2271730; PUBMED: 2307187] - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2008
    1. Higgins C, Lavin T, Metcalfe O. Health Impacts of Education: A Review. Belfast/Dublin (IE): Institute of Public Health, 2008.
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Altman DG, editor(s). Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Higgins 2017
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC, editor(s). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston M, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). Cochrane, 2017. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Hunter 2010
    1. Hunter PR, Ramírez Toro GI, Minnigh HA. Impact on diarrhoeal illness of a community educational intervention to improve drinking water quality in rural communities in Puerto Rico. BMC Public Health 2010;10:219. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-219; PMC2876105; PUBMED: 20426831] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
ILEP 1998
    1. ILEP Medico‐Social Commission. Planning health education interventions. Technical Bulletin 13. www.leprosy‐information.org/files/ILEP%20Techn%20Bulletin%2013%20‐%20Planning%20heal... (accessed 13 Feb 2015).
Imdad 2011
    1. Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Impact of maternal education about complementary feeding and provision of complementary foods on child growth in developing countries. BMC Public Health 2011;11(Suppl 3):S25. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S25; PMC3231899; PUBMED: 21501443] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Janz 1984
    1. Janz NK, Becker MH. The Health Belief Model: a decade later. Health Education Quarterly 1984;11(1):1‐47. [DOI: 10.1177/109019818401100101; PUBMED: 6392204] - DOI - PubMed
Kabir 2012
    1. Kabir I, Khanam M, Agho KE, Mihrshahi S, Dibley MJ, Roy SK. Determinants of inappropriate complementary feeding practices in infant and young children in Bangladesh: secondary data analysis of Demographic Health Survey 2007. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2012;8(Suppl 1):11‐27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00379.x; PUBMED: 22168516 ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Khanal 2013
    1. Khanal V, Sauer K, Zhao Y. Determinants of complementary feeding practices among Nepalese children aged 6–23 months: findings from Demographic and Health Survey 2011. BMC Pediatrics 2013;13:131. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-131; PMC3766108 ; PUBMED: 23981670] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kosek 2003
    1. Kosek M, Caryn B, Guerrant R. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003;81(3):197‐204. [PMC2572419; PUBMED: 12764516] - PMC - PubMed
Lassi 2013
    1. Lassi ZS, Das JK, Zahid G, Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Impact of education and provision of complementary feeding on growth and morbidity in children less than 2 years of age in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013;13(Suppl 3):S13. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S13; PMC3847349; PUBMED: 24564534] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lutter 2003
    1. Lutter CK, Rivera JA. Nutritional status of infants and young children and characteristics of their diets. The Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(9):2941S‐9S. [PUBMED: 12949391] - PubMed
Martorell 1994
    1. Martorell R, Khan KL, Schroeder DG. Reversibility of stunting: epidemiological findings in children from developing countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;48(Suppl 1):S45‐57. [PUBMED: 8005090] - PubMed
McLeroy 1988
    1. McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly 1988;15(4):351‐77. [PUBMED: 3068205] - PubMed
Moher 2009
    1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000097. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097; PMC2707599 ; PUBMED: 19621072] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Monte 1997
    1. Monte CM, Ashworth A, Nations MK, Lima AA, Barreto A, Huttly SR. Designing educational messages to improve weaning food hygiene practices of families living in poverty. Social Science and Medicine 1997;44(10):1453‐64. [PUBMED: 9160436] - PubMed
Motarjemi 1993
    1. Motarjemi Y, Käferstein F, Moy G, Quevedo F. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and associated malnutrition. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1993;71(1):79‐92. [PMC2393433; PUBMED: 8440042] - PMC - PubMed
NCI 2005
    1. National Cancer Institute. Theory at a Glance. A Guide for Health Promotion Practice. 2nd Edition. Bethesda (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2005.
Nkhoma 2013
    1. Nkhoma K, Seymour J, Arthur A. An educational intervention to reduce pain and improve pain management for Malawian people living with HIV/AIDS and their family carers: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:216. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-216; ISRCTN72861423; PMC3717041; PUBMED: 23849502] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ofotokun 2010
    1. Ofotokun I, Binongo JNG, Rosenberg ES, Kane M, Ifland R, Lennox JL, et al. Culturally‐adapted and audio‐technology assisted HIV/AIDS awareness and education program in rural Nigeria: a cohort study. BMC International Health and Human Rights 2010;10:2. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-698X-10-2; PMC2834647; PUBMED: 20181073] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
PAHO/WHO 2003
    1. Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guiding_principles_compfeeding_breast... (accessed 29 January 2014).
Philips 2000
    1. Philips N, Chirmulay D, Engle P, Houser RF, Bhagwat IP, Levinson FJ. Does timely introduction of complementary foods lead to improved nutritional status? Analysis of data from Maharashtra, India. nutrition.tufts.edu/sites/default/files/fpan/wp22‐comp_foods_india.pdf (accessed 5 February 2015).
Review Manager 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Rosenstock 1974
    1. Rosenstock IM. Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs 1974;2(4):328‐35. [DOI: 10.1177/109019817400200403] - DOI - PubMed
Saunders 1986
    1. Saunders S, Pine J. Seat belt education program‐‐a model for public health settings. Health Education Quarterly 1986;13(3):243‐7. [PUBMED: 3759477] - PubMed
Shah 2009
    1. Shah A, Blackhall K, Ker K, Patel D. Educational interventions for the prevention of eye injuries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006527.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sheth 2006
    1. Sheth M, Dwivedi R. Complementary foods associated diarrhoea. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2006;73(1):61‐4. [PUBMED: 16444063] - PubMed
Shi 2011
    1. Shi L, Zhang J. Recent evidence of the effectiveness of educational interventions for improving complementary feeding practices in developing countries. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2011;57(2):91‐8. [DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmq053] - DOI - PubMed
Shrimpton 2001
    1. Shrimpton R, Victora CG, Onis M, Lima RC, Blössner M, Clugston G. Worldwide timing of growth faltering: implications for nutritional interventions. Pediatrics 2001;107(5):e75. [PUBMED: 11331725] - PubMed
Sterne 2017
    1. Sterne JAC, Egger M, Moher D, Boutron I, editor(s). Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases. In: Higgins JPT, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). Cochrane, 2017. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Swanson 2005
    1. Swanson V, Power K. Initiation and continuation of breastfeeding: theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2005;50(3):272‐82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03390.x; PUBMED: 15811106] - DOI - PubMed
Tarrant 2010
    1. Tarrant RC, Younger KM, Sheridan‐Pereira M, White MJ, Kearney JM. Factors associated with weaning practices in term infants: a prospective observational study in Ireland. The British Journal of Nutrition 2010;104(10):1544‐54. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114510002412; PUBMED: 20598218] - DOI - PubMed
UNICEF 2006
    1. United Nations Children's Fund. Progress for children: a report card on nutrition. www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2006n4/index_undernutrition.html (accessed 29 January 2015).
UNICEF 2008
    1. United Nations Children's Fund. Introducing solid foods: giving your baby a better start in life. www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp‐content/uploads/sites/2/2008/02/Start4... (accessed 21 October 2014).
USAID 2011
    1. United States Agency for International Development. Behavior change interventions and child nutritional status: evidence from the promotion of improved complementary feeding practices. www.iycn.org/files/IYCN_comp_feeding_lit_review_062711.pdf (accessed 12 June 2015).
Victor 2014
    1. Victor R, Baines SK, Agho KE, Dibley MJ. Factors associated with inappropriate complementary feeding practices among children aged 6‐23 months in Tanzania. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2014;10(4):545‐61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00435.x; PUBMED: 22925557] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Victora 2008
    1. Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, Hallal PC, Martorell R, Richter L, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet 2008;371(9609):340‐57. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Walingo 2014
    1. Walingo MK, Mutuli LA. Influence of maternal beliefs, attitude, perceived behavior on breast‐feeding among post partum mothers in Western Kenya. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2014;13(5):250‐4. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2014.250.254] - DOI
WHO 1998
    1. World Health Organization. Health promotion glossary. www.who.int/healthpromotion/about/HPR%20Glossary%201998.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 13 February 2015).
WHO 2003
    1. World Health Organization. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. www.who.int/nutrition/publications/gs_infant_feeding_text_eng.pdf (accessed 18 January 2015).
WHO 2008
    1. World Health Organization, UNICEF. Strengthening action to improve feeding of infants and young children 6‐23 months of age in nutrition and child health programmes: Geneva, 6‐9 October 2008. Report of proceedings. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44034/1/9789241597890_eng.pdf (accessed 29 January 2015).
WHO 2012a
    1. World Health Organization. Complementary feeding. Report of global consultation, Geneva, 10‐13 December 2011. Summary of guiding principles. www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Complementary_Feeding.pdf (accessed 29 January 2015).
WHO 2012b
    1. World Health Organization. Health education: theoretical concepts, effective strategies and core competencies. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/119953/1/EMRPUB_2012_EN_1362.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 1 May 2015).
WHO 2013a
    1. World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal disease. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en (accessed 5 February 2015).
WHO 2013b
    1. World Health Organization. Guideline: Updates on the Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants and Children. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization, 2013. - PubMed
WHO 2015a
    1. World Health Organization. Complementary feeding. www.who.int/nutrition/topics/complementary_feeding/en (accessed 1 February 2015).
WHO 2018
    1. World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding. http://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/infant‐and‐young‐child‐f... (accessed 13 Jan 2018).
World Health Assembly 2001
    1. World Health Assembly. Infant and young child nutrition. www.who.int/nutrition/topics/WHA54.2_iycn_en.pdf (accessed 3 March 2014).
Zhang 2009
    1. Zhang J, Shi L, Chen D, Wang J, Wang Y. Using the theory of planned behavior to examine effectiveness of an educational intervention on infant feeding in China. Preventive Medicine 2009;49(6):529‐34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.10.002; PUBMED: 19850063] - DOI - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Arikpo 2015
    1. Arikpo D, Edet ES, Chibuzor MT, Odey F, Caldwell DM. Educational interventions for improving complementary feeding practices. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011768] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types