Dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins and their metabolites during timecourse exposure of scallops Chlamys farreri and mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis to Alexandrium pacificum

Abstract

New C-11 hydroxyl metabolites of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) have been reported in shellfish. To gain further information on these metabolites, as well as the potential for formation of phase-II metabolites and acyl esters of PSTs, bivalves were fed with the PSTs-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum (strain ATHK). Through independent experiments, scallops (Chlamys farreri) were fed for 9 days and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) for 5 days plus an additional 5 days of depuration, with representative samples taken throughout. Several common PSTs (C1-4, GTX1-6 and NEO) and metabolites including M1, M3, M5, M7, M9, M2 and M8 were detected in the hepatopancreas of scallops during toxin accumulation and in the hepatopancreas of mussels during both toxin accumulation and elimination periods. The relative molar ratio of metabolites to precursor molecules was used to estimate relative metabolic conversion rates. Conversion rates of C1/2 and GTX2/3 were higher than those of C3/4 and GTX1/4, in scallops and mussels. The first metabolites observed in both bivalve species investigated were M1/3, which are formed from C1/2. However, the conversion of GTX2/3 to M2 was more complete than other biotransformation reactions in both mussels and scallops. In general, metabolic conversion of PSTs was observed after a shorter time and to a greater extent in mussels than in scallops in the exposure period. No acyl esters or conjugation products of PSTs with glucuronic acid, glutathione, cysteine and taurine were detected by liquid chromatography with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry in the samples investigated. Additionally, only GTX1/4 and GTX2/3 were detected in the kidney of scallops, which demonstrates that PSTs are mainly metabolized through the hepatic metabolism pathway in bivalves. This work improves the understanding of PST metabolism during toxin accumulation and depuration in commercially harvested shellfish.

Keywords: Alexandrium pacificum; Alexandrium tamarense; Chlamys farreri; Metabolites; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Paralytic shellfish toxins.