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. 2018 Mar 27;4(5):FSO301.
doi: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0142. eCollection 2018 Jun.

Fully electronic urine dipstick probe for combinatorial detection of inflammatory biomarkers

Vikramshankar Kamakoti  1 , David Kinnamon  1 , Kang Hyeok Choi  1 , Badrinath Jagannath  1 , Shalini Prasad  1
Affiliations

Fully electronic urine dipstick probe for combinatorial detection of inflammatory biomarkers

Vikramshankar Kamakoti et al. Future Sci OA. .

Abstract

Aim: An electrochemical urine dipstick probe biosensor has been demonstrated using molybdenum electrodes on nanoporous polyamide substrate for the quantitative detection of two inflammatory protein biomarkers, CRP and IL-6.

Materials & methods: The electrode interface was characterized using ζ-potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Detection of biomarkers was demonstrated by measuring impedance changes associated with the dose concentrations of the two biomarkers. A proof of feasibility of point-of-care implementation of the biosensor was demonstrated using a portable electronics platform.

Results & conclusion: Limit of detection of 1 pg/ml was achieved for CRP and IL-6 in human urine and synthetic urine buffers. The developed portable hardware demonstrated close correlation with benchtop equipment results.

Keywords: EIS; inflammatory protein biomarkers; molybdenum affinity biosensor; portable electronic interface; urine dipstick probe.

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Conflict of interest statement

Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant affiliationsor financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Figures

<b>Figure 1.</b>
Figure 1.. Surface characterization of molybdenum biosensor.
(A) Two-electrode Mo biosensor with polyimide backing; (B) Atomic force microscopy image indicating uniform deposition profile of molybdenum; (C) scanning electron microscopy image indicating conformal deposition of molybdenum on polyamide substrate; (D) Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy characterization of scanning electron microscopy region in (C). Mo: Molybdenum.
<b>Figure 2.</b>
Figure 2.. Surface characterization of functionalized molybdenum sample.
(A) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra for functionalization of CRP; (B) Schematic representation of presented FTIR spectra; (C) FTIR spectra for functionalization of IL-6; (D) ζ-potential measurements for CRP and IL-6 antibodies; (E) ζ-potential characterization of CRP and IL-6 antigen concentrations. Ab: Antibody; CRP: C-reactive protein; EDC: 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride; Mo: Molybdenum; NHS: N-hydroxysuccinimide.
<b>Figure 3.</b>
Figure 3.. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization of CRP and IL-6 in synthetic urine.
(A) Change in impedance analysis for low and high CRP antigen concentrations in three pH ranges of synthetic urine. Dotted lines indicate SST; (B) Impedance analysis for pH 6.45 synthetic urine; (C) Change in impedance analysis for low and high IL-6 antigen concentrations in three pH buffer ranges of synthetic urine. The dotted lines indicate SST; (D) Change in impedance analysis for four IL-6 antigen concentrations in pH 6.45 buffer of synthetic urine. CRP: C-reactive protein; SST: Specific signal threshold.
<b>Figure 4.</b>
Figure 4.. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization of CRP and IL-6 in human urine.
(A) Change in impedance analysis for CRP antigen concentrations; (B) Change in impedance analysis for IL-6 antigen concentrations. Dotted lines indicate SST. CRP: C-reactive protein; SST: Specific signal threshold.
<b>Figure 5.</b>
Figure 5.. Performance of portable electronic device.
(A) Impedance correlation between lab instrument and portable instrument for CRP; (B) Impedance correlation between lab instrument and portable instrument for IL-6; (C) Visual demonstration of test results using electronic interface; (D) 3D model representation of portable urine dipstick probe interface. CRP: C-reactive protein.
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