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. 2018 May 29;23(6):1299.
doi: 10.3390/molecules23061299.

Flavor Compounds in Pixian Broad-Bean Paste: Non-Volatile Organic Acids and Amino Acids

Hongbin Lin  1 , Xiaoyu Yu  2 , Jiaxing Fang  3 , Yunhao Lu  4 , Ping Liu  5 , Yage Xing  6 , Qin Wang  7   8 , Zhenming Che  9 , Qiang He  10
Affiliations

Flavor Compounds in Pixian Broad-Bean Paste: Non-Volatile Organic Acids and Amino Acids

Hongbin Lin et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Non-volatile organic acids and amino acids are important flavor compounds in Pixian broad-bean paste, which is a traditional Chinese seasoning product. In this study, non-volatile organic acids, formed in the broad-bean paste due to the metabolism of large molecular compounds, are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Amino acids, mainly produced by hydrolysis of soybean proteins, were determined by the amino acid automatic analyzer. Results indicated that seven common organic acids and eighteen common amino acids were found in six Pixian broad-bean paste samples. The content of citric acid was found to be the highest in each sample, between 4.1 mg/g to 6.3 mg/g, and malic acid were between 2.1 mg/g to 3.6 mg/g ranked as the second. Moreover, fumaric acid was first detected in fermented bean pastes albeit with a low content. For amino acids, savory with lower sour taste including glutamine (Gln), glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp) and asparagines (Asn) were the most abundant, noted to be 6.5 mg/g, 4.0 mg/g, 6.4 mg/g, 4.9 mg/g, 6.2 mg/g and 10.2 mg/g, and bitter taste amino acids followed. More importantly, as important flavor materials in Pixian broad-bean paste, these two groups of substances are expected to be used to evaluate and represent the flavor quality of Pixian broad-bean paste. Moreover, the results revealed that citric acid, glutamic acid, methionine and proline were the most important flavor compounds. These findings are agreat contribution for evaluating the quality and further assessment of Pixian broad-bean paste.

Keywords: HPLC; Pixian broad-bean paste; amino acid; amino acid automatic analyzer; non-volatile organic acid.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Results for organic acid analysis: (A) Standard solution of seven organic acids (1: Oxalic acid; 2: Ketoglutaric acid; 3: Citric acid; 4: Tartaric acid; 5: Malic acid; 6: Succinic acid; 7: Lactic acid; 8: Fumaric acid; 9: Adipic acid); (B) Sample 1; (C) Sample 2.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Results for organic acid analysis: (A) Standard solution of seven organic acids (1: Oxalic acid; 2: Ketoglutaric acid; 3: Citric acid; 4: Tartaric acid; 5: Malic acid; 6: Succinic acid; 7: Lactic acid; 8: Fumaric acid; 9: Adipic acid); (B) Sample 1; (C) Sample 2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Results for amino acid analysis: (A) Standard solution of twenty amino acid (1: Asp; 2: Thr; 3: Ser; 4: Asn; 5: Glu; 6: Gln; 7: Gly; 8: Ala; 9: Val; 10: Cys; 11: Met; 12: Ile; 13: Leu; 14: Tyr; 15: Phe; 16: g-ABA; 17: Lys; 18: His; 19: Arg; 20: Pro); (B) Sample 1; (C) Sample 2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Results for amino acid analysis: (A) Standard solution of twenty amino acid (1: Asp; 2: Thr; 3: Ser; 4: Asn; 5: Glu; 6: Gln; 7: Gly; 8: Ala; 9: Val; 10: Cys; 11: Met; 12: Ile; 13: Leu; 14: Tyr; 15: Phe; 16: g-ABA; 17: Lys; 18: His; 19: Arg; 20: Pro); (B) Sample 1; (C) Sample 2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The overview of the variation found in the mean data from the partial least squares regression (PLSR) correlation loadings plot for Pixian broad-bean paste samples. The model was derived from sensory attributes as the X-matrix and taste-active compounds as Y-matrix. Circles represent r2 = 0.5 and 1.0, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Graph of the sensory analysis of the Pixian broad-bean paste samples.
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