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. 2018 May 30;11(6):921.
doi: 10.3390/ma11060921.

Improving Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Nitrile Rubber Composites by Functional Graphene Oxide

Rui Zhong  1 , Zhao Zhang  2 , Hongguo Zhao  3 , Xianru He  4 , Xin Wang  5 , Rui Zhang  6
Affiliations

Improving Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Nitrile Rubber Composites by Functional Graphene Oxide

Rui Zhong et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO), modified with anti-aging agent p-phenylenediamine (PPD), was added into nitrile rubber (NBR) in order to improve the thermo-oxidative stability of NBR. The modification of GO and the transformation of functional groups were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical performances of NBR composites before and after the thermo-oxidative aging were recorded. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) show an increased storage modulus (G') and a decreased value of area of tan δ peak after introducing modified GO into NBR. It indicates that filler particles show positive interaction with molecular chains. The thermo-oxidative stability of composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Then, the thermo-oxidative aging kinetic parameters were obtained by the Flynn⁻Wall⁻Ozawa (FWO) equation. The results of aging tests show that the thermo-oxidative stability of rubber matrix increases obviously after introducing GO⁻PPD. In addition, mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of both before and after aged NBR/GO⁻PPD composites were superior to that of NBR. This work provides meaningful guidance for achieving multifunction thermo-oxidative aging resistance rubber composites.

Keywords: graphene oxide (GO); nitrile rubber (NBR); p-phenylenediamine (PPD); thermo-oxidative stability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FTIR spectroscopy of GO and GO–PPD.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Raman spectra of GO and GO–PPD hybrid particles.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM photographs of (a,b) GO and (c,d) GO–PPD.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Stress vs strain curves of unaged samples, (b) stress vs strain curves of aged samples for 15 days, and (c,d) tensile strength and elongation at break of different filled amounts of NBR composites before and after aging.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Trends in tensile property of NBR, (a) the average shore hardness, (b) the tensile strength, and (c) the elongation at break aged for 18 days (measured at 100 °C), subject to different contents of fillers.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Crosslink densities of NBR composites with varying times.
Figure 7
Figure 7
SEM photographs of fracture surfaces of NBR (a) before and (c) after aging and NBR/GO–PPD (3 phr) (b) before and (d) after aging.
Figure 8
Figure 8
XRD diagram of GO-PPD, before aged NBR/GO–PPD and after aged NBR/GO–PPD.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) Temperature vs G′ curves and (b) temperature vs tan δ curves of NBR/GO–PPD composites.
Figure 10
Figure 10
TG–DTG curves in different heating rate of two NBR composites (a) NBR and (b) NBR/GO–PPD.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) analysis at specified fractional mass losses (α) of two NBR composites: (a) NBR; (b) NBR/GO–PPD.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Plots of Ea versus fractional mass loss (α) determined by FWO analysis.
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