. 2018 Nov 1;4(11):1553-1568.

doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706.

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration; Christina Fitzmaurice^{1

2

3}, Tomi F Akinyemiju⁴, Faris Hasan Al Lami⁵, Tahiya Alam², Reza Alizadeh-Navaei⁶, Christine Allen², Ubai Alsharif⁷, Nelson Alvis-Guzman⁸, Erfan Amini^{9

10}, Benjamin O Anderson¹¹, Olatunde Aremu¹², Al Artaman¹³, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom¹⁴, Reza Assadi¹⁵, Tesfay Mehari Atey¹⁴, Leticia Avila-Burgos¹⁶, Ashish Awasthi¹⁷, Huda Omer Ba Saleem¹⁸, Aleksandra Barac¹⁹, James R Bennett², Isabela M Bensenor²⁰, Nickhill Bhakta²¹, Hermann Brenner²², Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado¹⁶, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela^{23

24}, Ferrán Catalá-López^{25

26}, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi^{27

28}, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher²⁹, Sheng-Chia Chung³⁰, Maria Paula Curado^{31

32}, Lalit Dandona^{2

33}, Rakhi Dandona^{2

33}, José das Neves^{34

35}, Subhojit Dey³⁶, Samath D Dharmaratne³⁷, David Teye Doku^{38

39}, Tim R Driscoll⁴⁰, Manisha Dubey⁴¹, Hedyeh Ebrahimi^{9

42}, Dumessa Edessa⁴³, Ziad El-Khatib^{44

45}, Aman Yesuf Endries⁴⁶, Florian Fischer⁴⁷, Lisa M Force²¹, Kyle J Foreman^{2

48}, Solomon Weldemariam Gebrehiwot⁴⁹, Sameer Vali Gopalani⁵⁰, Giuseppe Grosso^{51

52}, Rahul Gupta⁵³, Bishal Gyawali⁵⁴, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh⁵⁵, Samer Hamidi⁵⁶, James Harvey², Hamid Yimam Hassen⁵⁷, Roderick J Hay^{58

59}, Simon I Hay^{2

60}, Behzad Heibati⁶¹, Molla Kahssay Hiluf⁶², Nobuyuki Horita⁶³, H Dean Hosgood⁶⁴, Olayinka S Ilesanmi⁶⁵, Kaire Innos⁶⁶, Farhad Islami⁶⁷, Mihajlo B Jakovljevic^{68

69}, Sarah Charlotte Johnson², Jost B Jonas⁷⁰, Amir Kasaeian^{71

72}, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa¹⁴, Yousef Saleh Khader⁷³, Ejaz Ahmad Khan⁷⁴, Gulfaraz Khan⁷⁵, Young-Ho Khang^{76

77}, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi^{78

79}, Jagdish Khubchandani⁸⁰, Jacek A Kopec⁸¹, G Anil Kumar³³, Michael Kutz², Deepesh Pravinkumar Lad⁸², Alessandra Lafranconi⁸³, Qing Lan⁸⁴, Yirga Legesse¹⁴, James Leigh⁸⁵, Shai Linn⁸⁶, Raimundas Lunevicius^{87

88}, Azeem Majeed⁸⁹, Reza Malekzadeh⁹⁰, Deborah Carvalho Malta⁹¹, Lorenzo G Mantovani⁸³, Brian J McMahon⁹², Toni Meier⁹³, Yohannes Adama Melaku^{94

95}, Mulugeta Melku⁹⁶, Peter Memiah⁹⁷, Walter Mendoza⁹⁸, Tuomo J Meretoja^{99

100}, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe¹⁴, Ted R Miller^{101

102}, Shafiu Mohammed^{103

104}, Ali H Mokdad², Mahmood Moosazadeh¹⁰⁵, Paula Moraga¹⁰⁶, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi¹⁰⁷, Vinay Nangia¹⁰⁸, Cuong Tat Nguyen¹⁰⁹, Vuong Minh Nong¹⁰⁹, Felix Akpojene Ogbo¹¹⁰, Andrew Toyin Olagunju^{111

112

113}, Mahesh Pa¹¹⁴, Eun-Kee Park¹¹⁵, Tejas Patel¹¹⁶, David M Pereira¹¹⁷, Farhad Pishgar^{10

118}, Maarten J Postma^{119

120}, Farshad Pourmalek⁸¹, Mostafa Qorbani¹²¹, Anwar Rafay^{122

123}, Salman Rawaf⁴⁸, David Laith Rawaf^{124

125

126}, Gholamreza Roshandel^{90

127}, Saeid Safiri¹²⁸, Hamideh Salimzadeh¹²⁹, Juan Ramon Sanabria^{130

131}, Milena M Santric Milicevic^{132

133}, Benn Sartorius^{134

135}, Maheswar Satpathy¹³⁶, Sadaf G Sepanlou⁹⁰, Katya Anne Shackelford², Masood Ali Shaikh¹³⁷, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini¹³⁸, Jun She¹³⁹, Min-Jeong Shin¹⁴⁰, Ivy Shiue^{141

142}, Mark G Shrime¹⁴³, Abiy Hiruye Sinke¹⁴⁴, Mekonnen Sisay⁴³, Amber Sligar², Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan¹⁴⁵, Bryan L Sykes¹⁴⁶, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos²⁵, Gizachew Assefa Tessema^{96

147}, Roman Topor-Madry^{148

149}, Tung Thanh Tran¹⁰⁹, Bach Xuan Tran^{150

151}, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja¹⁵², Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov¹⁵³, Stein Emil Vollset², Elisabete Weiderpass^{154

155

156

157}, Hywel C Williams¹⁵⁸, Nigus Bililign Yimer¹⁵⁹, Naohiro Yonemoto¹⁶⁰, Mustafa Z Younis¹⁶¹, Christopher J L Murray², Mohsen Naghavi²

Affiliations

¹ Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
² Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
³ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
⁵ Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
⁶ Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
⁷ Charite University Medicine Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁸ ALZAK Foundation-Universidad de la Costa, Universidad de Cartagena, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
⁹ Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰ Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹ University of Washington, Seattle.
¹² Birmingham City, University Department of Public Health and Therapies, Birmingham, England.
¹³ University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
¹⁴ Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
¹⁵ Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
¹⁶ National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
¹⁷ Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
¹⁸ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen.
¹⁹ Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
²⁰ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²¹ St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
²² German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
²³ Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Bogota, DC, Colombia.
²⁴ Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
²⁵ Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.
²⁶ Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
²⁷ Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
²⁸ Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea.
²⁹ Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.
³⁰ The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England.
³¹ Accamargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³² International Prevention Research Institute, Ecully, France.
³³ Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, National Capital Region, India.
³⁴ INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³⁵ i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³⁶ Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India.
³⁷ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
³⁸ University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
³⁹ University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
⁴⁰ Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴¹ International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
⁴² Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴³ Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
⁴⁴ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁴⁵ Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴⁶ Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, SNNPR, Ethiopia.
⁴⁷ School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
⁴⁸ Imperial College London, London, England.
⁴⁹ College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁵⁰ Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia.
⁵¹ University Hospital Policlinico "Vittorio Emanuele," Catania, Italy.
⁵² NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, England.
⁵³ West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston.
⁵⁴ Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁵⁵ Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
⁵⁶ Haan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁵⁷ Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia.
⁵⁸ International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England.
⁵⁹ King's College London, London, England.
⁶⁰ Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
⁶¹ Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶² Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.
⁶³ Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
⁶⁴ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
⁶⁵ National Public Health Institute, Monrovia, Monserrado County, Liberia.
⁶⁶ National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
⁶⁷ Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
⁶⁸ Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Central Serbia, Serbia.
⁶⁹ Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁷⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁷¹ Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷² Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷³ Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
⁷⁴ Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
⁷⁵ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁷⁶ Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁷⁷ Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
⁷⁸ Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁹ International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association (IORA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁰ Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.
⁸¹ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁸² Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
⁸³ University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy.
⁸⁴ National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
⁸⁵ University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸⁶ University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
⁸⁷ Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England.
⁸⁸ School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
⁸⁹ Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England.
⁹⁰ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁹¹ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁹² Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage.
⁹³ Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany.
⁹⁴ School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
⁹⁵ School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁹⁶ University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
⁹⁷ University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida.
⁹⁸ United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru.
⁹⁹ Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰⁰ University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰¹ Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland.
¹⁰² School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
¹⁰³ Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
¹⁰⁴ Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Baden Wuettemberg, Germany.
¹⁰⁵ Health Science Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
¹⁰⁶ Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰⁸ Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
¹⁰⁹ Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
¹¹⁰ Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
¹¹² Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
¹¹³ Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
¹¹⁴ JSS Medical College (PA), JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
¹¹⁵ Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
¹¹⁶ White Plains Hospital, White Plains, New York.
¹¹⁷ REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹¹⁸ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹⁹ University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
¹²⁰ University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
¹²¹ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
¹²² Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹²³ Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹²⁴ North Hampshire Hospitals, Basingstroke, England.
¹²⁵ University College London Hospitals, London, England.
¹²⁶ WHO Collaborating Centre, Imperial College of London, London, England.
¹²⁷ Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
¹²⁸ Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
¹²⁹ Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁰ Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia.
¹³¹ Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
¹³² Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹³³ Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹³⁴ Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
¹³⁵ UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa.
¹³⁶ Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.
¹³⁷ Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹³⁸ Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁹ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital (She), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁴¹ Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
¹⁴² Institut für Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany.
¹⁴³ Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda.
¹⁴⁴ Ethiopian Medical Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
¹⁴⁵ Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
¹⁴⁶ Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine.
¹⁴⁷ University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
¹⁴⁸ Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
¹⁴⁹ Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
¹⁵⁰ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
¹⁵¹ Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
¹⁵² Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
¹⁵³ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁵⁵ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
¹⁵⁶ Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁵⁷ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁵⁸ Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
¹⁵⁹ Woldia University, Woldia, Amhara, Ethiopia.
¹⁶⁰ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
¹⁶¹ Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.

PMID: 29860482
PMCID: PMC6248091
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration et al. JAMA Oncol. 2018.

. 2018 Nov 1;4(11):1553-1568.

doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
² Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
³ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
⁵ Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
⁶ Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
⁷ Charite University Medicine Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁸ ALZAK Foundation-Universidad de la Costa, Universidad de Cartagena, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
⁹ Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰ Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹ University of Washington, Seattle.
¹² Birmingham City, University Department of Public Health and Therapies, Birmingham, England.
¹³ University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
¹⁴ Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
¹⁵ Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
¹⁶ National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
¹⁷ Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
¹⁸ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen.
¹⁹ Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
²⁰ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²¹ St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
²² German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
²³ Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Bogota, DC, Colombia.
²⁴ Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
²⁵ Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.
²⁶ Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
²⁷ Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
²⁸ Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea.
²⁹ Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.
³⁰ The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England.
³¹ Accamargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³² International Prevention Research Institute, Ecully, France.
³³ Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, National Capital Region, India.
³⁴ INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³⁵ i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³⁶ Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India.
³⁷ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
³⁸ University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
³⁹ University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
⁴⁰ Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴¹ International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
⁴² Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴³ Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
⁴⁴ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁴⁵ Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴⁶ Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, SNNPR, Ethiopia.
⁴⁷ School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
⁴⁸ Imperial College London, London, England.
⁴⁹ College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁵⁰ Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia.
⁵¹ University Hospital Policlinico "Vittorio Emanuele," Catania, Italy.
⁵² NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, England.
⁵³ West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston.
⁵⁴ Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁵⁵ Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
⁵⁶ Haan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁵⁷ Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia.
⁵⁸ International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England.
⁵⁹ King's College London, London, England.
⁶⁰ Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
⁶¹ Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶² Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.
⁶³ Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
⁶⁴ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
⁶⁵ National Public Health Institute, Monrovia, Monserrado County, Liberia.
⁶⁶ National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
⁶⁷ Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
⁶⁸ Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Central Serbia, Serbia.
⁶⁹ Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁷⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁷¹ Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷² Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷³ Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
⁷⁴ Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
⁷⁵ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁷⁶ Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁷⁷ Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
⁷⁸ Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁹ International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association (IORA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁰ Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.
⁸¹ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁸² Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
⁸³ University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy.
⁸⁴ National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
⁸⁵ University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸⁶ University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
⁸⁷ Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England.
⁸⁸ School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
⁸⁹ Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England.
⁹⁰ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁹¹ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁹² Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage.
⁹³ Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany.
⁹⁴ School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
⁹⁵ School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁹⁶ University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
⁹⁷ University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida.
⁹⁸ United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru.
⁹⁹ Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰⁰ University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰¹ Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland.
¹⁰² School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
¹⁰³ Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
¹⁰⁴ Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Baden Wuettemberg, Germany.
¹⁰⁵ Health Science Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
¹⁰⁶ Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰⁸ Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
¹⁰⁹ Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
¹¹⁰ Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
¹¹² Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
¹¹³ Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
¹¹⁴ JSS Medical College (PA), JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
¹¹⁵ Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
¹¹⁶ White Plains Hospital, White Plains, New York.
¹¹⁷ REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹¹⁸ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹⁹ University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
¹²⁰ University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
¹²¹ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
¹²² Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹²³ Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹²⁴ North Hampshire Hospitals, Basingstroke, England.
¹²⁵ University College London Hospitals, London, England.
¹²⁶ WHO Collaborating Centre, Imperial College of London, London, England.
¹²⁷ Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
¹²⁸ Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
¹²⁹ Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁰ Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia.
¹³¹ Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
¹³² Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹³³ Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹³⁴ Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
¹³⁵ UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa.
¹³⁶ Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.
¹³⁷ Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹³⁸ Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁹ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital (She), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁴¹ Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
¹⁴² Institut für Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany.
¹⁴³ Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda.
¹⁴⁴ Ethiopian Medical Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
¹⁴⁵ Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
¹⁴⁶ Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine.
¹⁴⁷ University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
¹⁴⁸ Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
¹⁴⁹ Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
¹⁵⁰ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
¹⁵¹ Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
¹⁵² Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
¹⁵³ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁵⁵ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
¹⁵⁶ Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁵⁷ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁵⁸ Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
¹⁵⁹ Woldia University, Woldia, Amhara, Ethiopia.
¹⁶⁰ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
¹⁶¹ Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.

PMID: 29860482
PMCID: PMC6248091
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706

Abstract

Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required.

Objective: To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus.

Evidence review: Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition.

Findings: In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, -1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories.

Conclusions and relevance: Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Postma reports that he has received grants and honoraria from GSK, Pfizer, Vertex, BMS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Takeda, MSD, Sanofi, SPMSD, Janssen, Novartis, IMS, Roche, Ingress Health, Astra Zeneca, Virology Education, AbbVie, Mundipharma, Creativ Ceutical, and Medica Market Access. Dr. Shrime has received grants from the GE foundation and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. No other disclosures are reported.

Figures

**Figure 1.. Age-Specific Global Contributions of Cancer Types to Total Cancer Incidence, Both Sexes, 2016**

**Figure 2.. Age-Specific Global Contributions of Cancer Types to Total Cancer Mortality, Both Sexes, 2016**

**Figure 3.. Average Annual Percent Change in Age-Standarized Incidence Rate in Both Sexes for All Cancers From 2006 to 2016**
ATG indicates Antigua and Barbuda; BRB, Barbados; COM, Comoros; DMA, Dominica; E Med: Eastern Mediterranean; FJI, Fiji; FSM, Federated States of Micronesia; GRD, Grenada; KIR, Kiribati; KS, Kaposi sarcoma; LCA, Saint Lucia; MDV, Maldives; MLT, Malta; MUS, Mauritius; MHL, Marshall Islands; NMSC, nonmelanoma skin cancer; SGP, Singapore; SLB, Solomon Islands; SYC, Seychelles; TLS, Timor-Leste; TON, Tonga; TTO, Trinidad and Tobago; VCT, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; VUT, Vanuatu; W Africa, West Africa; WSM, Samoa.

**Figure 4.. Average Annual Percent Change in Age-Standarized Mortality Rate in Both Sexes for All Cancers From 2006 to 2016**
ATG indicates Antigua and Barbuda; BRB, Barbados; COM, Comoros; DMA, Dominica; E Med: Eastern Mediterranean; FJI, Fiji; FSM, Federated States of Micronesia; GRD, Grenada; KIR, Kiribati; KS, Kaposi sarcoma; LCA, Saint Lucia; MDV, Maldives; MLT, Malta; MUS, Mauritius; MHL, Marshall Islands; NMSC, nonmelanoma skin cancer; SGP, Singapore; SLB, Solomon Islands; SYC, Seychelles; TLS, Timor-Leste; TON, Tonga; TTO, Trinidad and Tobago; VCT, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; VUT, Vanuatu; W Africa, West Africa; WSM, Samoa.

**Figure 5.. Cancers Ranked by Number of Incident Cases in Both Sexes, Globally, by Sociodemographic Index Status, and in the 50 Most Populous Countries, 2016**

**Figure 6.. Cancers Ranked by Number of Deaths in Both Sexes, Globally, by Sociodemographic Index Status, and in the 50 Most Populous Countries, 2016**

**Figure 7.. Cancers Ranked by Absolute Years of Life Lost (YLLs) Between 2006 and 2016^a**
SCC indicates squamous cell carcinoma; UI, uncertainty interval. ^aExcluding “other cancer.”

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Lifestyle-related cancers increase, highlight need for prevention.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] Cancer. 2018 Oct 15;124(20):3960-3961. doi: 10.1002/cncr.31793. Cancer. 2018. PMID: 30422327 No abstract available.

References

1. Seventieth World Health Assembly Cancer prevention and control in the context of an integrated approach. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R12-en.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2018.
1. United Nations 2011. High Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases. http://www.un.org/en/ga/ncdmeeting2011/. Accessed May 15, 2018.
1. World Health Organization Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020. http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan/en/. Accessed May 15, 2018.
1. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Published January 2016. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/. Accessed September 1, 2016.
1. GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1553-1568. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32336-X - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

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Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

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