Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2018 Jun 4;18(1):96.
doi: 10.1186/s12890-018-0660-2.

Risk factors for interstitial lung disease: a 9-year Nationwide population-based study

Won-Il Choi  1 , Sonila Dauti  2   3 , Hyun Jung Kim  2 , Sun Hyo Park  2 , Jae Seok Park  2 , Choong Won Lee  4
Affiliations

Risk factors for interstitial lung disease: a 9-year Nationwide population-based study

Won-Il Choi et al. BMC Pulm Med. .

Abstract

Background: Understanding the risk factors that are associated with the development of interstitial lung disease might have an important role in understanding the pathogenetic mechanism of interstitial lung disease as well as prevention. We aimed to determine independent risk factors of interstitial lung disease development.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study with nationwide population-based 9-year longitudinal data. We selected subjects who were aged > 40 years at cohort entry and with a self-reported history of cigarette smoking. Cases were selected based on International Classification of Diseases codes. A cohort of 312,519 subjects were followed until December 2013. We used Cox regression analysis to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) for interstitial lung disease development.

Results: Interstitial lung disease developed in 1972 of the 312,519 subjects during the 9-year period. Smoking (HR: 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.4), hepatitis C (HR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.3), history of tuberculosis (HR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1-1.9), history of pneumonia (HR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3-2.0), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.6-2.1), men (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.7-2.1) were significantly associated with the development of interstitial lung disease. The risk of interstitial lung disease development increases with age, and the risk was 6.9 times higher (95% CI: 5.9-8.0) in those aged over 70 than in their forties.

Conclusions: Smoking, hepatitis C, history of tuberculosis, history of pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, male sex, and older age were significantly associated with interstitial lung disease development.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Interstitial lung disease; Risk factor.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The current study was approved by the institutional review board at Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine. The need for written informed consent was waived. This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Competing interests

The authors state that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart of the study for selection of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). ICD: International Classification of Disease
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Coultas DB, Zumwalt RE, Black WC, Sobonya RE. The epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150(4):967–972. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921471. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nalysnyk L, Cid-Ruzafa J, Rotella P, Esser D. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: review of the literature. Eur Respir Rev. 2012;21(126):355–361. doi: 10.1183/09059180.00002512. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Putman RK, Hatabu H, Araki T, Gudmundsson G, Gao W, Nishino M, Okajima Y, Dupuis J, Latourelle JC, Cho MH, et al. Association between interstitial lung abnormalities and all-cause mortality. Jama. 2016;315(7):672–681. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0518. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Choi WI, Park SH, Dauti S, Park BJ, Lee CW. Interstitial lung disease and risk of mortality: 11-year nationwide population-based study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(1):100–105. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0167. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Choi WI, Park SH, Park BJ, Lee CW. Interstitial lung disease and lung Cancer development: a 5-year Nationwide population-based study. Cancer Res Treat. 2017;50(2):374–381. doi: 10.4143/crt.2017.119. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms