Extreme Terrestrial Environments: Life in Thermal Stress and Hypoxia. A Narrative Review

doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00572

Review

. 2018 May 16:9:572.

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00572. eCollection 2018.

Extreme Terrestrial Environments: Life in Thermal Stress and Hypoxia. A Narrative Review

Martin Burtscher^{1

2}, Hannes Gatterer^{1

3}, Johannes Burtscher⁴, Heimo Mairbäurl^{5

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
² Austrian Society for Alpine and Mountain Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
³ Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy.
⁴ Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁵ Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁶ German Center for Lung Research (DZL/TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany.

PMID: 29867589
PMCID: PMC5964295
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00572

Review

Extreme Terrestrial Environments: Life in Thermal Stress and Hypoxia. A Narrative Review

Martin Burtscher et al. Front Physiol. 2018.

. 2018 May 16:9:572.

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00572. eCollection 2018.

Authors

Martin Burtscher^{1

2}, Hannes Gatterer^{1

3}, Johannes Burtscher⁴, Heimo Mairbäurl^{5

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
² Austrian Society for Alpine and Mountain Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
³ Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy.
⁴ Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁵ Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁶ German Center for Lung Research (DZL/TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany.

PMID: 29867589
PMCID: PMC5964295
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00572

Abstract

Living, working and exercising in extreme terrestrial environments are challenging tasks even for healthy humans of the modern new age. The issue is not just survival in remote environments but rather the achievement of optimal performance in everyday life, occupation, and sports. Various adaptive biological processes can take place to cope with the specific stressors of extreme terrestrial environments like cold, heat, and hypoxia (high altitude). This review provides an overview of the physiological and morphological aspects of adaptive responses in these environmental stressors at the level of organs, tissues, and cells. Furthermore, adjustments existing in native people living in such extreme conditions on the earth as well as acute adaptive responses in newcomers are discussed. These insights into general adaptability of humans are complemented by outcomes of specific acclimatization/acclimation studies adding important information how to cope appropriately with extreme environmental temperatures and hypoxia.

Keywords: cold; heat; high altitude; natives; pre-acclimatization; sojourners.

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References

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1. Arnaud J., Quilici J. C., Riviere G. (1981). High-altitude haematology: Quechua-Aymara comparisons. 8 573–578. 10.1080/03014468100005421 - DOI - PubMed
1. Balaban D. Y., Duffin J., Preiss D., Mardimae A., Vesely A., Slessarev M., et al. (2013). The in-vivo oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at sea level and high altitude. 186 45–52. 10.1016/j.resp.2012.12.011 - DOI - PubMed

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[1] Akerman A. P., Tipton M., Minson C. T., Cotter J. D. (2016). Heat stress and dehydration in adapting for performance: good, bad, both, or neither? 3 412–436. 10.1080/23328940.2016.1216255 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Akerman A. P., Tipton M., Minson C. T., Cotter J. D. (2016). Heat stress and dehydration in adapting for performance: good, bad, both, or neither? 3 412–436. 10.1080/23328940.2016.1216255 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Alexander J. K., Grover R. F. (1983). Mechanism of reduced cardiac stroke volume at high altitude. 6 301–303. 10.1002/clc.4960060612 - DOI - PubMed

[4] Alexander J. K., Grover R. F. (1983). Mechanism of reduced cardiac stroke volume at high altitude. 6 301–303. 10.1002/clc.4960060612 - DOI - PubMed

[5] Alexander J. K., Hartley L. H., Modelski M., Grover R. F. (1967). Reduction of stroke volume during exercise in man following ascent to 3,100 m altitude. 23 849–858. 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.6.849 - DOI - PubMed

[6] Alexander J. K., Hartley L. H., Modelski M., Grover R. F. (1967). Reduction of stroke volume during exercise in man following ascent to 3,100 m altitude. 23 849–858. 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.6.849 - DOI - PubMed

[7] Arnaud J., Quilici J. C., Riviere G. (1981). High-altitude haematology: Quechua-Aymara comparisons. 8 573–578. 10.1080/03014468100005421 - DOI - PubMed

[8] Arnaud J., Quilici J. C., Riviere G. (1981). High-altitude haematology: Quechua-Aymara comparisons. 8 573–578. 10.1080/03014468100005421 - DOI - PubMed

[9] Balaban D. Y., Duffin J., Preiss D., Mardimae A., Vesely A., Slessarev M., et al. (2013). The in-vivo oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at sea level and high altitude. 186 45–52. 10.1016/j.resp.2012.12.011 - DOI - PubMed

[10] Balaban D. Y., Duffin J., Preiss D., Mardimae A., Vesely A., Slessarev M., et al. (2013). The in-vivo oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at sea level and high altitude. 186 45–52. 10.1016/j.resp.2012.12.011 - DOI - PubMed

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Extreme Terrestrial Environments: Life in Thermal Stress and Hypoxia. A Narrative Review

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Extreme Terrestrial Environments: Life in Thermal Stress and Hypoxia. A Narrative Review

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