Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007396.pub3.
Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour
Affiliations
- PMID: 29870574
- PMCID: PMC6513033
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007396.pub3
Item in Clipboard
Meta-Analysis
Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Abstract
Background: Parenteral opioids (intramuscular and intravenous drugs including patient-controlled analgesia) are used for pain relief in labour in many countries throughout the world. This review is an update of a review first published in 2010.
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness, safety and acceptability to women of different types, doses and modes of administration of parenteral opioid analgesia in labour. A second objective is to assess the effects of opioids in labour on the baby in terms of safety, condition at birth and early feeding.
Search methods: We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (11 May 2017) and reference lists of retrieved studies.
Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials examining the use of intramuscular or intravenous opioids (including patient-controlled analgesia) for women in labour. Cluster-randomised trials were also eligible for inclusion, although none were identified. We did not include quasi-randomised trials. We looked at studies comparing an opioid with another opioid, placebo, no treatment, other non-pharmacological interventions (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)) or inhaled analgesia.
Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. We assessed the quality of each evidence synthesis using the GRADE approach.
Main results: We included 70 studies that compared an opioid with placebo or no treatment, another opioid administered intramuscularly or intravenously or compared with TENS applied to the back. Sixty-one studies involving more than 8000 women contributed data to the review and these studies reported on 34 different comparisons; for many comparisons and outcomes only one study contributed data. All of the studies were conducted in hospital settings, on healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies at 37 to 42 weeks' gestation. We excluded studies focusing on women with pre-eclampsia or pre-existing conditions or with a compromised fetus. Overall, the evidence was graded as low- or very low-quality regarding the analgesic effect of opioids and satisfaction with analgesia; evidence was downgraded because of study design limitations, and many of the studies were underpowered to detect differences between groups and so effect estimates were imprecise. Due to the large number of different comparisons, it was not possible to present GRADE findings for every comparison.For the comparison of intramuscular pethidine (50 mg/100 mg) versus placebo, no clear differences were found in maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (number of women satisfied or very satisfied after 30 minutes: 50 women; 1 trial; risk ratio (RR) 7.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 128.87, very low-quality evidence), or number of women requesting an epidural (50 women; 1 trial; RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.78; very low-quality evidence). Pain scores (reduction in visual analogue scale (VAS) score of at least 40 mm: 50 women; 1 trial; RR 25, 95% CI 1.56 to 400, low-quality evidence) and pain measured in labour (women reporting pain relief to be "good" or "fair" within one hour of administration: 116 women; 1 trial; RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.47, low-quality evidence) were both reduced in the pethidine group, and fewer women requested any additional analgesia (50 women; 1 trial; RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.94, low-quality evidence).There was limited information on adverse effects and harm to women and babies. There were few results that clearly showed that one opioid was more effective than another. Overall, findings indicated that parenteral opioids provided some pain relief and moderate satisfaction with analgesia in labour. Opioid drugs were associated with maternal nausea, vomiting and drowsiness, although different opioid drugs were associated with different adverse effects. There was no clear evidence of adverse effects of opioids on the newborn. We did not have sufficient evidence to assess which opioid drug provided the best pain relief with the least adverse effects.
Authors' conclusions: Though most evidence is of low- or very-low quality, for healthy women with an uncomplicated pregnancy who are giving birth at 37 to 42 weeks, parenteral opioids appear to provide some relief from pain in labour but are associated with drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting in the woman. Effects on the newborn are unclear. Maternal satisfaction with opioid analgesia was largely unreported. The review needs to be examined alongside related Cochrane reviews. More research is needed to determine which analgesic intervention is most effective, and provides greatest satisfaction to women with acceptable adverse effects for mothers and their newborn.
Conflict of interest statement
Lesley A Smith: none known.
Ethel Burns: none known.
Anna Cuthbert: is supported by a grant to her Institution from WHO to work on this review, and has received support via an NIHR grant to her Institution to work on other Cochrane reviews.
Figures
Study flow diagram.
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (number of women satisfied or very satisfied after 30 minutes).
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (described as good or fair after 1 hour).
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 3 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (reduction in VAS of at least 40 mm after 30 minutes).
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 4 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 5 Epidural.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 6 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 7 Maternal sleepiness.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 8 Assisted vaginal delivery.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 9 Caesarean section.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 10 Neonatal resuscitation.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 11 Low Apgar score (≤ 7) at 1 and 5 minutes.
Comparison 1 IM pethidine 50 mg/100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 12 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 2 IM pentazocine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score measured during labour.
Comparison 2 IM pentazocine versus placebo, Outcome 2 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 2 IM pentazocine versus placebo, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 2 IM pentazocine versus placebo, Outcome 4 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 3 IM tramadol versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia (Analgesic effect described as satisfactory (not clear when measured)).
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Maternal pain relief poor or none (3‐5 PN)).
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity 4 or 5 on 5‐point scale (1 hour)).
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 3 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 4 Epidural.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 5 Maternal sleepiness.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 6 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 7 Caesarean section.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 8 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 9 Breastfeeding at discharge (problems).
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 10 Fetal heart rate changes (decelerations).
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 11 Naloxone administration.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 12 Neonatal resuscitation (by gestation).
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 13 Neonatal resuscitation.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 14 Apgar score ≤ 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 15 Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 4 IM meptazinol versus pethidine, Outcome 16 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (Global assessment of pain relief at 24 hours).
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity at 1 hour (moderate or severe)).
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 3 Additonal analgesia required.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 4 Epidural.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 5 Maternal sleepiness during labour.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 6 Vomiting in labour.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 7 Caesarean section.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 8 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 9 Neonatal resuscitation.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 10 Apgar < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 11 Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 5 IM diamorphine + prochlorperazine versus pethidine + prochlorperazine, Outcome 12 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity: women with poor pain relief).
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 2 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 3 Maternal sleepiness in labour.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 4 Nausea and vomiting in labour.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 5 Caesarean section.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 6 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 7 Neonatal resuscitation.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 8 Apgar scores ≤ 7 at 1 and 5 minutes.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 9 Neonatal respiratory distress.
Comparison 6 IM tramadol versus pethidine, Outcome 10 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 7 IM tramadol + triflupromazine versus pethidine + triflupromazine, Outcome 1 Maternal sleepiness in labour.
Comparison 7 IM tramadol + triflupromazine versus pethidine + triflupromazine, Outcome 2 Nausea and vomiting in labour.
Comparison 8 IM dihydrocodeine 50 mg versus pethidine 100 mg, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Maternal pain relief poor at 1 hour).
Comparison 8 IM dihydrocodeine 50 mg versus pethidine 100 mg, Outcome 2 Maternal sleepiness in labour.
Comparison 8 IM dihydrocodeine 50 mg versus pethidine 100 mg, Outcome 3 Nausea and vomiting in labour.
Comparison 8 IM dihydrocodeine 50 mg versus pethidine 100 mg, Outcome 4 Apgar ≤ 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (Pain relief (good or very good) at delivery).
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain relief poor (partial, none or worse)).
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 3 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 4 Maternal sleepiness in labour.
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 5 Nausea and vomiting in labour.
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 6 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 7 Naloxone administration.
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 8 Apgar score ≤ 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 9 IM pentazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 9 Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during the postnatal period (numbers dissatisfied).
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 2 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (Pain free).
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 3 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity at 30 minutes: women with severe pain).
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 4 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (VAS at 60 minutes (at peak of contraction)).
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 5 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 6 Epidural.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 7 Maternal sleepiness in labour.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 8 Nausea and vomiting in labour.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 9 Caesarean section.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 10 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 11 Naloxone administration.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 12 Apgar score ≤ 7 at 1 and 5 minutes.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 13 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 10 IM nalbuphine versus pethidine, Outcome 14 Neonatal neurobehavioural (Scanlon) 2‐4 hours PN.
Comparison 11 IM phenazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 1 Epidural.
Comparison 11 IM phenazocine versus pethidine, Outcome 2 Vomiting.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia (number of women satisfied or very satisfied).
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 2 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour or during the postnatal period (Pain relief described as poor).
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 3 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (pain relief at 30 mins).
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 4 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (pain relief at 60 mins).
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 5 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 6 Maternal sleepiness.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 7 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 8 Caesarean section.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 9 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 10 Naloxone administration.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 11 Neonatal resuscitation.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 12 Apgar < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 12 IM diamorphine/morphine versus pethidine, Outcome 13 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 13 IM butorphanol versus pethidine, Outcome 1 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 13 IM butorphanol versus pethidine, Outcome 2 Nausea.
Comparison 13 IM butorphanol versus pethidine, Outcome 3 Vomiting.
Comparison 13 IM butorphanol versus pethidine, Outcome 4 Neonatal resuscitation.
Comparison 13 IM butorphanol versus pethidine, Outcome 5 Naloxone administration (neonatal).
Comparison 14 IM Avacan® versus IM pentazocine, Outcome 1 Additional analgesia required ‐ Entonox.
Comparison 14 IM Avacan® versus IM pentazocine, Outcome 2 Additional analgesia required ‐ pudendal‐paracervical block.
Comparison 14 IM Avacan® versus IM pentazocine, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 14 IM Avacan® versus IM pentazocine, Outcome 4 Low Apgar score (< 7) "at birth".
Comparison 15 IM pentazocine versus IM Pethilorfan®, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score measured during labour (Pain relief (women NOT obtaining pain relief) at 1 hour).
Comparison 15 IM pentazocine versus IM Pethilorfan®, Outcome 2 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 15 IM pentazocine versus IM Pethilorfan®, Outcome 3 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 15 IM pentazocine versus IM Pethilorfan®, Outcome 4 Apgar < 8 at 1 minute (non pre‐specified).
Comparison 15 IM pentazocine versus IM Pethilorfan®, Outcome 5 Apgar < 8 at 5 minutes (non pre‐specified).
Comparison 16 IM pentazocine versus complementary and alternate medicine (CAM), Outcome 1 Maternal pain score measured during labour.
Comparison 16 IM pentazocine versus complementary and alternate medicine (CAM), Outcome 2 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 16 IM pentazocine versus complementary and alternate medicine (CAM), Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 16 IM pentazocine versus complementary and alternate medicine (CAM), Outcome 4 Assisted vaginal delivery.
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (pain relief after 30 mins).
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 2 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (pain after 60 mins).
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 3 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (moderate or severe at 30 mins).
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 4 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (moderate or severe at 60 mins).
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 5 Maternal sleepiness during labour.
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 6 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 7 Caesarean section.
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 8 Assisted vaginal delivery.
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 9 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 10 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 17 IM pentazocine versus IM tramadol, Outcome 11 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 18 IM pethidine versus Entonox, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (after 30 mins).
Comparison 18 IM pethidine versus Entonox, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (after 60 mins).
Comparison 19 IV pethidine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score 30 mins post analgesia).
Comparison 19 IV pethidine versus placebo, Outcome 2 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 19 IV pethidine versus placebo, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 19 IV pethidine versus placebo, Outcome 4 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 19 IV pethidine versus placebo, Outcome 5 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 20 IV fentanyl versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score 1 hour post‐analgesia).
Comparison 20 IV fentanyl versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity (Severe) after 1 hour).
Comparison 20 IV fentanyl versus no treatment, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score 1 hour after drug administration).
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 2 Mean doses of analgesia (non pre‐specified).
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 3 Maternal sleepiness in labour (sedation).
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 4 Nausea and/or vomiting.
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 5 Anti‐emetic required (non pre‐specified).
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 7 Naloxone administered.
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 8 Babies requiring resuscitation/ventilatory support.
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 9 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 10 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 11 Neurobehavioural score (1 ‐ 2 hours after delivery).
Comparison 21 IV fentanyl versus IV pethidine, Outcome 12 Neurobehavioural score (2 hours ‐ 24 hours).
Comparison 22 IV nalbuphine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 1 Caesarean section.
Comparison 22 IV nalbuphine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 2 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 22 IV nalbuphine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 3 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 23 IV phenazocine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (women with fair or poor relief).
Comparison 23 IV phenazocine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 2 Nausea with vomiting.
Comparison 23 IV phenazocine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 3 Perinatal death.
Comparison 23 IV phenazocine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 4 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain relief score).
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score (1 hour after drug administration)).
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 3 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 4 Epidural.
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 5 Nausea and/or vomiting.
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 7 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 8 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 24 IV butorphanol versus IV pethidine, Outcome 9 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 25 IV morphine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia (assessed 3 days postpartum).
Comparison 25 IV morphine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 2 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 25 IV morphine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 3 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 25 IV morphine versus IV pethidine, Outcome 4 Caesarean section.
Comparison 26 IV Nisentil versus IV pethidine, Outcome 1 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 26 IV Nisentil versus IV pethidine, Outcome 2 Neonatal resuscitation/ventilatory support.
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 1 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 2 Epidural.
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 3 Matenal sleepiness (required tactile rousing).
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 4 Caesarean section.
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 5 Naloxone required.
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 6 Neonatal resuscitation (Babies requiring ventilatory support).
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 7 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 8 Newborn neurobehavioural score at 2‐4 hours.
Comparison 27 IV fentanyl versus IV butorphanol, Outcome 9 Newborn neurobehavioural score at 24‐36 hours.
Comparison 28 PCA pentazocine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal pan score or pain measured in labour.
Comparison 28 PCA pentazocine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 2 Maternal pan score or pain measured in labour (rated as good one day after birth).
Comparison 28 PCA pentazocine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 3 Epidural.
Comparison 28 PCA pentazocine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 4 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 28 PCA pentazocine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 5 Maternal sleepiness during labour (Sedation).
Comparison 28 PCA pentazocine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
Comparison 28 PCA pentazocine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 7 Breastfeeding at discharge.
Comparison 28 PCA pentazocine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 8 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score in labour.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 2 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 3 Epidural.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 4 Maternal sleepiness during labour.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 5 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 7 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 8 Satisfaction with childbirth experience.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 9 Naloxone administered.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 10 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 11 Admission to NICU.
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 12 Newborn neurobehavioural score (15 minutes post delivery).
Comparison 29 PCA remifentanil versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 13 Newborn neurobehavioural score (2 hours post delivery).
Comparison 30 PCA nalbuphine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (rated good or excellent).
Comparison 30 PCA nalbuphine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 2 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (Would use the same pain relief again).
Comparison 30 PCA nalbuphine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 3 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour.
Comparison 30 PCA nalbuphine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 4 Additional analgesia required.
Comparison 30 PCA nalbuphine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 5 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 30 PCA nalbuphine versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 6 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 31 PCA fentanyl versus PCA alfentanil, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (described as adequate).
Comparison 31 PCA fentanyl versus PCA alfentanil, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score at 4‐6 cm cervical dilatation).
Comparison 31 PCA fentanyl versus PCA alfentanil, Outcome 3 Nausea.
Comparison 31 PCA fentanyl versus PCA alfentanil, Outcome 4 Caesarean section.
Comparison 31 PCA fentanyl versus PCA alfentanil, Outcome 5 Naloxone required.
Comparison 32 PCA fentanyl versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternla pain score measured in labour.
Comparison 32 PCA fentanyl versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 2 Epidural.
Comparison 32 PCA fentanyl versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 3 Maternal sleepiness during labour.
Comparison 32 PCA fentanyl versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 4 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 32 PCA fentanyl versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 5 Caesarean section.
Comparison 32 PCA fentanyl versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 6 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 32 PCA fentanyl versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 7 Newborn neurobehavioural score (15 minutes post delivery).
Comparison 32 PCA fentanyl versus PCA pethidine, Outcome 8 Newborn neurobehavioural score (2 hours post delivery).
Comparison 33 PCA (IM) meptazinol versus PCA (IM) pethidine, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (measured 1 day after delivery).
Comparison 33 PCA (IM) meptazinol versus PCA (IM) pethidine, Outcome 2 Satisfied with mode of administration (PCA IM) (non pre‐specified).
Comparison 33 PCA (IM) meptazinol versus PCA (IM) pethidine, Outcome 3 Epidural.
Comparison 33 PCA (IM) meptazinol versus PCA (IM) pethidine, Outcome 4 Maternal sleepiness in labour (Drowsiness score in labour rated 1 day after delivery).
Comparison 33 PCA (IM) meptazinol versus PCA (IM) pethidine, Outcome 5 Nausea (score in labour rated 1 day after delivery).
Comparison 33 PCA (IM) meptazinol versus PCA (IM) pethidine, Outcome 6 Naloxone administered.
Comparison 34 Opioids versus TENS, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured post delivery (rated as good).
Comparison 34 Opioids versus TENS, Outcome 2 Maternal pain score measured during labour.
Comparison 34 Opioids versus TENS, Outcome 3 Maternal pain score in labour.
Comparison 34 Opioids versus TENS, Outcome 4 Maternal sleepiness during labour (Drowsiness).
Comparison 34 Opioids versus TENS, Outcome 5 Nausea and vomiting.
Comparison 34 Opioids versus TENS, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
Comparison 34 Opioids versus TENS, Outcome 7 Assisted vaginal birth.
Comparison 34 Opioids versus TENS, Outcome 8 Fetal heart rate changes in labour (Fetal distress).
Update of
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Parenteral opioids for maternal pain relief in labour.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD007396. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007396.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 05;6:CD007396. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007396.pub3. PMID: 20824859 Free PMC article. Updated.
References
References to studies included in this review
Atkinson 1994 {published data only}
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Bitsch 1980 {published data only}
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Borglin 1971 {published data only}
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- Borglin NE, Klottrup P. Pethidine and pentazocine. A double blind investigation in obstetric material. Lakartidningen 1971;68 Suppl 3:41‐4. - PubMed
Campbell 1961 {published data only}
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De Boer 1987 {published data only}
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Direkvand‐Moghadam 2014 {published data only}
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Douma 2010 {published data only}
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Duncan 1969 {published data only}
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El‐Refaie 2012 {published data only}
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Erskine 1985 {published data only}
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Fairlie 1999 {published data only}
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Fieni 2000 {published data only}
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Frank 1987 {published data only}
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Giannina 1995 {published data only}
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- Giannina G, Guzman ER, Lai YL, Lake MF, Cernadas M, Vintzileos AM. Comparison of the effects of meperidine and nalbuphine on intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;86(3):441‐5. - PubMed
Gillam 1958 {published data only}
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Grant 1970 {published data only}
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Hamann 1972 {published data only}
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Hodgkinson 1979 {published data only}
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Husslein 1987 {published data only}
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Jackson 1983 {published data only}
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Jahani 2013 {published data only}
Kainz 1992 {published data only}
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Kamyabi 2003 {published data only}
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Kermani 2015 {published data only}
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- Kermani S, Derogar M, Moghadam MB, Bahri N, Mahmoudian AS, Mojtabavi SJ. Comparison of the effects of SP6 acupressure and use of pethidine on the intensity of labor pain in nulliparous women. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2015;5(Suppl 1):23.
Keskin 2003 {published data only}
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Khooshideh 2009 {published data only}
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Kuti 2008 {published data only}
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Lalooha 2017 {published data only}
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- Lalooha F, Barikani A, Hashemian N‐B, Esmailzadehha N. Effect of pethidine (meperidine) on decreasing the duration of first and second stages of labor. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2017;19(39):1‐7.
Lardizabal 1999 {published data only}
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- Lardizabal JL, Belizan JM, Carroli G, Gonzalez L, Campodonico L, Aguillaume CJ. A randomized trial of nalbuphine versus meperidine for analgesia during labor. References en Gynecologie Obstetrique 1999;6(3):245‐8.
Levy 1971 {published data only}
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- Levy DL. Obstetric analgesia. Pentazocine and meperidine in normal primiparous labor. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1971;38(6):907‐11. - PubMed
Li 1988 {published data only}
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Li 1994 {published data only}
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- Li YF, Li E, Tie LP, Weng LJ. Tramadol in labor analgesia. Beijing Medical Journal 1994;16:265‐8.
Lisboa 1997 {published data only}
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- Lisboa AP, Cunha RD, Silva JC, Mamede JAV, Ennes DK. Random clinical study, comparing nalbufine (IM) and meperidine (IM) during labour ‐ 1996. [abstract]. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1997;76(167):1.
Liu 2015 {published data only}
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- Liu Y, Xu M, Che X, He J, Guo D, Zhao G, et al. Effect of direct current pulse stimulating acupoints of JiaJi (T10‐13) and Ciliao (BL 32) with Han's Acupoint Nerve Stimulator on labour pain in women: a randomized controlled clinical study. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2015;35(6):620‐5. - PubMed
Maduska 1978 {published data only}
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Mitterschiffthaler 1991 {published data only}
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Mobaraki 2016 {published data only}
Moore 1970 {published data only}
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- Moore J, Carson RM, Hunter RJ. A comparison of the effects of pentazocine and pethidine administered during labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1970;77(9):830‐6. - PubMed
Morley‐Forster 2000 {published data only}
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- Morley‐Forster PK, Reid DW, Vandeberghe H. A comparison of patient‐controlled analgesia fentanyl and alfentanil for labour analgesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;47(2):113‐9. - PubMed
Morrison 1987 {published data only}
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- Morrison CE, Dutton D, Howie H, Gilmour H. Pethidine compared with meptazinol during labour. Anaesthesia 1987;42(1):7‐14. - PubMed
Mowat 1970 {published data only}
Nel 1981 {published data only}
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Nelson 2005 {published data only}
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- Nelson KE, Eisenach JC. Intravenous butorphanol, meperidine, and their combination relieve pain and distress in women in labour. Anesthesiology 2005;102(5):1008‐13. - PubMed
Neumark 1978 {published data only}
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Nicholas 1982 {published data only}
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O'Dwyer 1971 {published data only}
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Olofsson 1996 {published data only}
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Olson 1964 {published data only}
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Osler 1987 {published data only}
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- Osler M. A double‐blind study comparing meptazinol and pethidine for pain relief in labour. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1987;26(1):15‐8. - PubMed
Prasertsawat 1986 {published data only}
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- Prasertsawat OP, Herabutya Y, Chaturachinda K. Obstetric analgesia: comparison between tramadol, morphine, and pethidine. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1986;40(6):1022‐8.
Quilligan 1980 {published data only}
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Rayburn 1989a {published data only}
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Refstad 1980 {published data only}
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Sekhavat 2009 {published data only}
Sheikh 1986 {published data only}
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Sliom 1970 {published data only}
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Tawfik 1982 {published data only}
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Thakur 2004 {published data only}
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- Thakur R, Rekha P. Comparative study of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and tramadol hydrochloride for pain relief in labor. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2004;54(4):346‐50.
Tharamas 1999 {published data only}
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- Tharamas W. Buprenorphine versus meperidine for analgesia in labor in nullipara at Chon Buri Hospital. Chon Buri Hospital Journal 1999;24(2):25‐34.
Tsui 2004 {published data only}
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- Tsui MHY, Warwick D, Kee N, Ng FF, Lau TK. A double blinded placebo‐controlled study of intramuscular pethidine for pain relief in the first stage of labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2004;111(7):648‐55. - PubMed
Viegas 1993 {published data only}
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Volikas 2001 {published data only}
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Wahab 1988 {published data only}
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Wali 2012 {published data only}
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Wheble 1988 {published data only}
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- Wheble AM, Dawes GS, Gillmer MD, Sykes GS. A double blind quantitative study of the effects of meptazinol and pethidine on the fetal heart rate in labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1988;8(3):248‐52.
Wilson 1986 {published data only}
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- Wilson CM, Moore J, McClean E, Dundee JW. Maternal analgesia and neonatal neuro‐behaviour following nalbuphine and pethidine (abstract). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1986;21:613P.
Zafar 2016 {published data only}
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Busacca 1982 {published data only}
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Cahal 1960 {published data only}
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Calderon 2006 {published data only}
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Callaghan 1966 {published data only}
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- Callaghan PE, Zelenik JS. Methotrimeprazine for obstetric analgesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1966;95(5):636‐9. - PubMed
Camann 1992 {published data only}
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Castro 2004 {published data only}
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Cavanagh 1966 {published data only}
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Chandnani 2013 {published data only}
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Chang 1976 {published data only}
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- Chang A, Wood C, Humphrey M, Gilbert M, Wagstaff C. The effects of narcotics on fetal acid base status. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1976;83(1):56‐61. - PubMed
Cincadze 1978 {published data only}
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- Cincadze II, Bagdany S, Kintraia PJ, Mamtavrisvili II. Intensive fetal monitoring within obstetrical analgesia. Proceedings of 6th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1978 Aug 29‐Sept 1; Vienna, Austria. 1978:Abstract no: 52.
Cullhed 1961 {published data only}
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- Cullhed S, Lofstrom B. Obstetric analgesia with pethidine and scopolamine. Lancet 1961;1(7168):75‐7. - PubMed
Dahiya 2015 {published data only}
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Dan 1991 {published data only}
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- Dan U, Barkai G, Rabinovici J, Echin A, Modan M, Mashiah S. A prospective double blind comparison between intravenous nalbuphine and pethidine administered during labor. Proceedings of 11th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1988 April 10‐13; Rome, Italy. 1988.
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De Kornfeld 1964 {published data only}
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De Lamerens 1964 {published data only}
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Eames 1964 {published data only}
Easton 2016 {published data only}
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Elbohoty 2012 {published data only}
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- Elbohoty AE, Abd‐Elrazek H, Abd‐El‐Gawad M, Salama F, El‐Shorbagy M, Abd‐El‐Maeboud KH. Intravenous infusion of paracetamol versus intravenous pethidine as an intrapartum analgesic in the first stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;118(1):7‐10. - PubMed
Elhalwagy 2017 {published data only}
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Eliot 1975 {published data only}
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- Eliot BW, Hill JG, Cole AP, Hailey DM. Continuous pethidine/diazepam infusion during labour and its effects on the newborn. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1975;82(2):126‐31. - PubMed
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- ACTRN12609001027202. Obstetric analgesia: a comparison of intranasal or subcutaneously administered fentanyl with intramuscular administered pethidine in labour and its effects on mother and baby. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12609001027202 (first received 27 November 2009).
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References to other published versions of this review
Ullman 2008
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