Identifying socioeconomic, epidemiological and operational scenarios for tuberculosis control in Brazil: an ecological study

Abstract

Objectives: To identify scenarios based on socioeconomic, epidemiological and operational healthcare factors associated with tuberculosis incidence in Brazil.

Design: Ecological study.

Settings: The study was based on new patients with tuberculosis and epidemiological/operational variables of the disease from the Brazilian National Information System for Notifiable Diseases and the Mortality Information System. We also analysed socioeconomic and demographic variables.

Participants: The units of analysis were the Brazilian municipalities, which in 2015 numbered 5570 but 5 were excluded due to the absence of socioeconomic information.

Primary outcome: Tuberculosis incidence rate in 2015.

Data analysis: We evaluated as independent variables the socioeconomic (2010), epidemiological and operational healthcare indicators of tuberculosis (2014 or 2015) using negative binomial regression. Municipalities were clustered by the k-means method considering the variables identified in multiple regression models.

Results: We identified two clusters according to socioeconomic variables associated with the tuberculosis incidence rate (unemployment rate and household crowding): a higher socioeconomic scenario (n=3482 municipalities) with a mean tuberculosis incidence rate of 16.3/100 000 population and a lower socioeconomic scenario (2083 municipalities) with a mean tuberculosis incidence rate of 22.1/100 000 population. In a second stage of clusterisation, we defined four subgroups in each of the socioeconomic scenarios using epidemiological and operational variables such as tuberculosis mortality rate, AIDS case detection rate and proportion of vulnerable population among patients with tuberculosis. Some of the subscenarios identified were characterised by fragility in their information systems, while others were characterised by the concentration of tuberculosis cases in key populations.

Conclusion: Clustering municipalities in scenarios allowed us to classify them according to the socioeconomic, epidemiological and operational variables associated with tuberculosis risk. This classification can support targeted evidence-based decisions such as monitoring data quality for improving the information system or establishing integrative social protective policies for key populations.

Keywords: epidemiology; public health policy; tuberculosis.

Figure 1

Distribution of Brazilian municipalities according to socioeconomic variables associated with the tuberculosis incidence rate. ^a Proportion of the population living in holseholds with more than two people per room.

Figure 2

Brazilian’s municipalities by tuberculosis incidence rate scenario (Brazil, 2015). ^a Without notification of tuberculosis patients in 2014 or 2015.