A Comparison of the Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution from Five Emission Sources

doi:10.3390/ijerph15061206

Review

. 2018 Jun 8;15(6):1206.

doi: 10.3390/ijerph15061206.

A Comparison of the Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution from Five Emission Sources

Neil J Hime^{1

2}, Guy B Marks^{3

4

5}, Christine T Cowie^{6

7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia. neil.hime@sydney.edu.au.
² The Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. neil.hime@sydney.edu.au.
³ Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia. guy.marks@sydney.edu.au.
⁴ South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. guy.marks@sydney.edu.au.
⁵ Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. guy.marks@sydney.edu.au.
⁶ Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia. christine.cowie@sydney.edu.au.
⁷ South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. christine.cowie@sydney.edu.au.
⁸ Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. christine.cowie@sydney.edu.au.

PMID: 29890638
PMCID: PMC6024892
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061206

Review

A Comparison of the Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution from Five Emission Sources

Neil J Hime et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018.

. 2018 Jun 8;15(6):1206.

doi: 10.3390/ijerph15061206.

Authors

Neil J Hime^{1

2}, Guy B Marks^{3

4

5}, Christine T Cowie^{6

7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia. neil.hime@sydney.edu.au.
² The Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. neil.hime@sydney.edu.au.
³ Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia. guy.marks@sydney.edu.au.
⁴ South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. guy.marks@sydney.edu.au.
⁵ Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. guy.marks@sydney.edu.au.
⁶ Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia. christine.cowie@sydney.edu.au.
⁷ South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. christine.cowie@sydney.edu.au.
⁸ Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia. christine.cowie@sydney.edu.au.

PMID: 29890638
PMCID: PMC6024892
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061206

Abstract

This article briefly reviews evidence of health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution from five common outdoor emission sources: traffic, coal-fired power stations, diesel exhaust, domestic wood combustion heaters, and crustal dust. The principal purpose of this review is to compare the evidence of health effects associated with these different sources with a view to answering the question: Is exposure to PM from some emission sources associated with worse health outcomes than exposure to PM from other sources? Answering this question will help inform development of air pollution regulations and environmental policy that maximises health benefits. Understanding the health effects of exposure to components of PM and source-specific PM are active fields of investigation. However, the different methods that have been used in epidemiological studies, along with the differences in populations, emission sources, and ambient air pollution mixtures between studies, make the comparison of results between studies problematic. While there is some evidence that PM from traffic and coal-fired power station emissions may elicit greater health effects compared to PM from other sources, overall the evidence to date does not indicate a clear ‘hierarchy’ of harmfulness for PM from different emission sources. Further investigations of the health effects of source-specific PM with more advanced approaches to exposure modeling, measurement, and statistics, are required before changing the current public health protection approach of minimising exposure to total PM mass.

Keywords: air pollution; health effects; particulate matter; source-specific.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the writing of the manuscript.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Results of search of scientific databases.

**Figure 2**
Forest plots of the change in all-cause and cardiovascular risk associated with increases in source-specific PM_2.5. The data in these forest plots are from Table 2. The reference numbers applicable to the different data are shown.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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1. Lepeule J., Laden F., Dockery D., Schwartz J. Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: An extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012;120:965–970. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1104660. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Pope C.A., Burnett R.T., Thun M.J., Calle E.E., Krewski D., Ito K., Thurston G.D. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA. 2002;287:1132–1141. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Pope C.A., Thun M.J., Namboodiri M.M., Dockery D.W., Evans J.S., Speizer F.E., Heath C.W. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995;151:669–674. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.669. - DOI - PubMed

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[1] Cohen A.J., Brauer M., Burnett R., Anderson H.R., Frostad J., Estep K., Balakrishnan K., Brunekreef B., Dandona L., Dandona R., et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study. Lancet. 2017;389:1907–1918. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Cohen A.J., Brauer M., Burnett R., Anderson H.R., Frostad J., Estep K., Balakrishnan K., Brunekreef B., Dandona L., Dandona R., et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study. Lancet. 2017;389:1907–1918. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Dockery D.W., Pope C.A., Xu X., Spengler J.D., Ware J.H., Fay M.E., Ferris B.G., Speizer F.E. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Eng. J. Med. 1993;329:1753–1759. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199312093292401. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Dockery D.W., Pope C.A., Xu X., Spengler J.D., Ware J.H., Fay M.E., Ferris B.G., Speizer F.E. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Eng. J. Med. 1993;329:1753–1759. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199312093292401. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Lepeule J., Laden F., Dockery D., Schwartz J. Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: An extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012;120:965–970. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1104660. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Lepeule J., Laden F., Dockery D., Schwartz J. Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: An extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012;120:965–970. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1104660. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Pope C.A., Burnett R.T., Thun M.J., Calle E.E., Krewski D., Ito K., Thurston G.D. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA. 2002;287:1132–1141. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Pope C.A., Burnett R.T., Thun M.J., Calle E.E., Krewski D., Ito K., Thurston G.D. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA. 2002;287:1132–1141. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Pope C.A., Thun M.J., Namboodiri M.M., Dockery D.W., Evans J.S., Speizer F.E., Heath C.W. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995;151:669–674. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.669. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Pope C.A., Thun M.J., Namboodiri M.M., Dockery D.W., Evans J.S., Speizer F.E., Heath C.W. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995;151:669–674. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.669. - DOI - PubMed

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A Comparison of the Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution from Five Emission Sources

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A Comparison of the Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution from Five Emission Sources

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