Chemistry and Biological Activities of the Marine Sponges of the Genera Mycale (Arenochalina), Biemna and Clathria

Abstract

Over the past seven decades, particularly since the discovery of the first marine-derived nucleosides, spongothymidine and spongouridine, from the Caribbean sponge Cryptotethya crypta in the early 1950s, marine natural products have emerged as unique, renewable and yet under-investigated pools for discovery of new drug leads with distinct structural features, and myriad interesting biological activities. Marine sponges are the most primitive and simplest multicellular animals, with approximately 8900 known described species, although more than 15,000 species are thought to exist worldwide today. These marine organisms potentially represent the richest pipeline for novel drug leads. Mycale (Arenochalina) and Clathria are recognized marine sponge genera belonging to the order Poecilosclerida, whereas Biemna was more recently reclassified, based on molecular genetics, as a new order Biemnida. Together, these sponge genera contribute to the production of physiologically active molecular entities with diverse structural features and a wide range of medicinal and therapeutic potentialities. In this review, we provide a comprehensive insight and up-to-date literature survey over the period of 1976⁻2018, focusing on the chemistry of the isolated compounds from members of these three genera, as well as their biological and pharmacological activities, whenever available.

Keywords: Biemnida; Clathria; Mycale (Arenochalina), Biemna; Poecilosclerida; batzelladines; crambescidins; fatty acids; guanidine alkaloids; indole alkaloids; macrolides; marine sponges; nucleotides; polyketides; pteridine alkaloids; pyrrole-containing alkaloids; steroids; terpenoids; thiopepetides.

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Chemical structures of 1–8.

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Chemical structures of 9–37.

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Chemical structures of 38–41.

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Chemical structures of 42–58.

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Chemical structures of 59–69.

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Chemical structures 70–76.

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Chemical structures 77–83.

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Chemical structures 84–113.

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Chemical structures of 114–116.

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Chemical structures of 117–124.

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Chemical structures of 125–128.

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Chemical structures 129–134.

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Chemical structures of 135–140.

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Chemical structures of 141–146.

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Chemical structures of 147–158.

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Chemical structures of 159–164.

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Chemical structures 165–175.

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Chemical structures of 176–184.

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Chemical structures 185–193.

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Chemical structures of 194–207.

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Chemical structures of 208–226.

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Chemical structures 227–235.

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Chemical structures 236–244.