Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2018 Jun 20;18(1):778.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5653-9.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors among older adults in six low-and middle-income countries: results from SAGE Wave 1

Ye Ruan  1 , Yanfei Guo  1 , Yang Zheng  1 , Zhezhou Huang  1 , Shuangyuan Sun  1 , Paul Kowal  2   3 , Yan Shi  4 , Fan Wu  5
Affiliations

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors among older adults in six low-and middle-income countries: results from SAGE Wave 1

Ye Ruan et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence of two conditions, angina and stroke, and relevant risk factors among older adults in six low- and middle- income countries(LMICs).

Methods: The data was from World Health Organization (WHO) Study on global AGEing and adult Health (SAGE) Wave 1 in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation and South Africa. Presence of CVD was based on self-report of angina and stroke. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between CVD and selected variables, including age, sex, urban/rural setting, household wealth, and risk factors such as smoking, alcohol drinking, fruit/vegetable intake, physical activity and BMI.

Results: The age standardized prevalence of angina ranged from 9.5 % (South Africa) to 47.5 % (Russian Federation), and for stoke from 2.0% (India) to 6.1 % (Russia). Hypertension was associated with angina in China, India and Russian Federation after adjustment for age, sex, urban/rural setting, education and marital status (OR ranging from 1.3 [1.1-1.6] in India to 3.8 [2.9-5.0] in Russian Federation), furthermore it was a risk factor of stroke in five countries except Mexico. Low or moderate physical activity were also associated with angina in China, and were also strongly associated with stroke in all countries except Ghana and India. Obesity had a stronger association with angina in Russian Federation and China(ORs were 1.5[1.1-2.0] and 1.2 [1.0-1.5] respectively), and increased the risk of stroke in China. Smoking was associated with angina in India and South Africa(ORs were 1.6[1.0-2.4] and 2.1 [1.2-3.6] respectively ), and was also a risk factor of stroke in South Africa. We observed a stronger association between frequent heavy drinking and stroke in India. Household income was associated with reduced odds of angina in China, India and Russian Federation, however higher household income was a risk factor of angina in South Africa.

Conclusion: While the specific mix of risk factors contribute to disease prevalence in different ways in these six countries - they should all be targeted in multi-sectoral efforts to reduce the high burden of CVD in today's society.

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Low and middle income countries; Prevalence; Risk Factors.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

WHO’s Ethical Review Committee approved SAGE (RPC146), and each country obtained local ethical approval to conduct the study. Written informed consent was obtained from each respondent.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

    1. Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abyu G, et al. Global regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am College Cardiol. 2017;70(1):1–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact sheet. Available at: http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseas.... Accessed 15 Mar 2017.
    1. World Health Organization. Burden: mortality, morbidity and risk factors. In: Alwan A, editor. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
    1. Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Abrahams-Gessel S, Murphy A. Growing Epidemic of Coronary Heart Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2010;35:72–115. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2009.10.002. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yusuf S, Rangarajan S, Teo K, Islam S, Li W, Liu L, et al. Cardiovascular risk and events in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:818–827. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1311890. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources