Inulin Supplementation Does Not Reduce Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentrations in Individuals at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Prebiotic supplementation has been purported to reduce TMAO production, but whether prebiotics reduce fasting or postprandial TMAO levels is unclear. Sedentary, overweight/obese adults at risk for T2DM (n = 18) were randomized to consume a standardized diet (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat) with 10 g/day of either an inulin supplement or maltodextrin placebo for 6 weeks. Blood samples were obtained in the fasting state and hourly during a 4-h high-fat challenge meal (820 kcal; 25% carbohydrate, 63% fat; 317.4 mg choline, 62.5 mg betaine, 8.1 mg l-carnitine) before and after the diet. Plasma TMAO and trimethylamine (TMA) moieties (choline, l-carnitine, betaine, and γ-butyrobetaine) were measured using isocratic ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). There were no differences in fasting or postprandial TMAO or TMA moieties between the inulin and placebo groups at baseline (all p > 0.05). There were no significant changes in fasting or postprandial plasma TMAO or TMA moiety concentrations following inulin or placebo. These findings suggest that inulin supplementation for 6 weeks did not reduce fasting or postprandial TMAO in individuals at risk for T2DM. Future studies are needed to identify efficacious interventions that reduce plasma TMAO concentrations.

Keywords: cardiovascular; metabolism; metabolite; prebiotic; prediabetes.

Figure 1

Fasting and postprandial trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations. Inset: Area under the curve (AUC) between placebo and inulin groups. Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. placebo at baseline, inulin at baseline, placebo post-intervention, inulin post-intervention.

Figure 2

Fasting and postprandial plasma (A) choline, (B) betaine, (C) l-carnitine, and (D) γ-butyrobetaine concentrations at baseline and post-intervention. Insets: Areas under the curve (AUC) between placebo and inulin groups for (A) choline, (B) betaine, (C) l-carnitine, and (D) γ-butyrobetaine. placebo at baseline, inulin at baseline, placebo post-intervention, inulin post-intervention.