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. 2018 Jun 20;8(1):9396.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27515-w.

Avian influenza surveillance in domestic waterfowl and environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2007-2012

Salah Uddin Khan  1   2 , Emily S Gurley  3 , Nancy Gerloff  4 , Md Z Rahman  3 , Natosha Simpson  4 , Mustafizur Rahman  3 , Najmul Haider  3 , Sukanta Chowdhury  3 , Amanda Balish  4 , Rashid Uz Zaman  3 , Sharifa Nasreen  3 , Bidhan Chandra Das  5 , Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner  4 , Katharine Sturm-Ramirez  3   4 , C Todd Davis  4 , Ruben O Donis  4   6 , Stephen P Luby  7   8   9
Affiliations

Avian influenza surveillance in domestic waterfowl and environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2007-2012

Salah Uddin Khan et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic strains, pose severe economic, animal and public health concerns. We implemented live bird market surveillance in Bangladesh to identify the subtypes of avian influenza A viruses in domestic waterfowl and market environments. We collected waterfowl samples monthly from 4 rural sites from 2007 to 2012 and environmental samples from 4 rural and 16 urban sites from 2009 to 2012. Samples were tested through real-time RT-PCR, virus culture, and sequencing to detect and characterize avian influenza A viruses. Among 4,308 waterfowl tested, 191 (4.4%) were positive for avian influenza A virus, including 74 (1.9%) avian influenza A/H5 subtype. The majority (99%, n = 73) of the influenza A/H5-positive samples were from healthy appearing waterfowl. Multiple subtypes, including H1N1, H1N3, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N1, H4N2, H4N6, H5N1 (clades 2.2.2, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.4.2), H5N2, H6N1, H7N9, H9N2, H11N2 and H11N3, H11N6 were detected in waterfowl and environmental samples. Environmental samples tested positive for influenza A viruses throughout the year. Avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes were also identified in backyard and small-scale raised poultry. Live bird markets could be high-risk sites for harboring the viruses and have the potential to infect naive birds and humans exposed to them.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Location for the four rural live bird market avian influenza surveillance sites and Dhaka city, where the urban markets were sampled for influenza A viruses. Influenza A and H5 prevalence from the waterfowl samples and subtypes identified from waterfowl from each site were illustrated in the map of Bangladesh. The map was generated using ArcGIS version 10.4 (http://arcgis.com/).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Prevalence of influenza A and H5 subtype of the viruses in the waterfowl samples from live bird markets in Bangladesh from August 2007 to December 2012. Subtypes and clades identified from each month’s sampling are presented on top of the bars.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Prevalence of influenza A and H5 subtype of the viruses in the live bird market environmental samples in Bangladesh from May 2009 to December 2012. Subtypes and clades identified from each month’s sampling are presented on top of the bars.
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