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. 2017 Dec;17(4):1070-1081.
doi: 10.4314/ahs.v17i4.15.

Cardiovascular risk factors in adult general out-patient clinics in Nigeria: a country analysis of the Africa and Middle East Cardiovascular Epidemiological (ACE) study

Geoffrey C Onyemelukwe  1 , Oluwagbenga Ogunfowokan  2 , Amam Mbakwem  3 , A Kayode Alao  4 , Kodjo Soroh  5 , Osahon Omorodion  5 , Paula Abreu  6
Affiliations

Cardiovascular risk factors in adult general out-patient clinics in Nigeria: a country analysis of the Africa and Middle East Cardiovascular Epidemiological (ACE) study

Geoffrey C Onyemelukwe et al. Afr Health Sci. 2017 Dec.

Abstract

Background: With globalization and rapid urbanization, demographic and epidemiologic transitions have become important determinants for the emergence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of CVD risk factors in adult out-patients attending general practice and non-specialist clinics in urban and rural Nigeria.

Methods: As part of the Africa and Middle East Cardiovascular Epidemiological (ACE) study, a cross-sectional epidemiologic study was undertaken for the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking and abdominal obesity in Nigeria.

Results: In total, 303 subjects from 8 out-patient general practice clinics were studied, 184 (60.7%) were female and 119 (39.3%) were male. Mean age was 42.7±13.1 years; 51.8% were aged <45 years; 4% ≥65 years. Over 90% of subjects had ≥1 of 6 selected modifiable cardiovascular risk factors: 138 (45.6%) had 1-2; 65 (21.5%) had 3; 60 (19.8%) had 4; and 11 (3.6%) had 5 concurrent risk factors. Screening identified 206 subjects (68.0%) with dyslipidemia who did not have a prior diagnosis.

Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk factors are highly prevalent in Nigerian subjects attending out-patient clinics. Moreover, many subjects were undiagnosed and therefore unaware of their cardiovascular risk status. Opportunistic screening alongside intensive national, multisectoral education or risk factor education is needed, should be scaled up nationwide and rolled out in both urban and rural communities in Nigeria.

Keywords: Nigeria; The Africa and Middle East Cardiovascular Epidemiological (ACE) study; cardiovascular risk factors; risk factor management; screening programs.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Proportion of out-patients presenting with one or more cardiovascular risk factors cardiovascular risk factors captured are: dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity (defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2), abdominal obesity, diabetes and smoking.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overall prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors across Nigeria Graph to show the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity (defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2), abdominal obesity, diabetes and smoking across Nigeria
Figure 3
Figure 3
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors by age group
Figure 4
Figure 4
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors by gender
Figure 5
Figure 5
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban communities
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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