Time to augment?! Impact of cement augmentation on pedicle screw fixation strength depending on bone mineral density

Abstract

Purpose: Cement augmentation of pedicle screws is known to increase their mechanical strength. Aim was to evaluate the impact of cement augmentation on pedicle screw fatigue strength in dependence of the bone mineral density (BMD).

Methods: Twenty-one human L2 vertebral bodies from donors between 19 and 96 years of age were used for in vitro experiments. BMD was measured using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Two pedicle screws were inserted in each specimen and unilaterally augmented with bone cement. Fatigue testing was performed using a cranio-caudal sinusoidal, cyclic load (0.5 Hz) with increasing compression force (100 N + 0.1 N/cycles). Results were evaluated for the BMD groups: normal: BMD > 120 mg/cm³, osteopenic: BMD 80-120 mg/cm³, and osteoporotic: BMD < 80 mg/cm³ bone mass.

Results: There was a significant correlation between fatigue force and BMD for the non-augmented and augmented screws (non-augmented R² = 0.839, p < 0.001; augmented R² = 0.551, p < 0.001). There was a significantly increased fatigue strength of the augmented screws over the non-augmented screws in the osteoporotic group (p = 0.001), while the differences in the other groups were not significant (normal p = 0.818/osteopenic p = 0.132).

Conclusions: The benefit of pedicle screw cement augmentation significantly depends on the bone mineral density and has the greatest extent of increased fatigue strength in osteoporotic vertebrae. Preoperative measurement of the BMD is strongly recommended to predict the benefit of augmentation and reinforce the decision for cement augmentation. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Keywords: BMD; Bone mineral density; Cement augmentation; Osteoporosis; Pedicle screw; Spine.