Host specificity and species diversity of the Ostertagiinae Lopez-Neyra, 1947 in ruminants: a European perspective

Abstract

Background: Nematodes of the subfamily Ostertagiinae appear to be rather specific to a species or family of hosts, but some are observed in a wide variety of hosts. The nematode Ostertagia leptospicularis draws special attention due to its presence or absence among the same host species in different European countries. Therefore, this paper focuses mainly on the host specificity among nematodes of the subfamily Ostertagiinae. The second aim of this study is to assess the possibility of treating O. leptospicularis as an Ostertagia species complex.

Methods: Data were gathered from post-mortem examinations of domestic and wild ruminants (n = 157), as well as bibliographical references (n = 96), which were pooled and discussed. The research area was limited to European countries, hence the studied ostertagiine species are limited to native ones; likewise, the host species. Special emphasis was placed on the mean abundance values that allowed a typical host or hosts for each nematode species to be specified. Correspondence analysis was performed to confirm the stated host specificity.

Results: The analysis revealed that nematodes of this subfamily tend to use ruminants from a particular subfamily as their principal host. The results indicate that Ostertagia leptospicularis, similar to Teladorsagia circumcincta, may represent a potential species complex. This nematode, as the sole member of the subfamily Ostertagiinae, occurs in almost all representatives of the Bovidae subfamily, as well as in the Cervidae.

Conclusions: Despite the stated narrow host specificity, the results obtained may suggest that O. leptospicularis is not strongly connected to any host or is comparably associated with a very wide and diverse group of hosts (Cervidae, Bovidae). The Ostertagia complex may have particular cryptic species or strains typical for any individual host or group of hosts. Such a conclusion requires further investigations on a wider scale.

Keywords: Bovidae; Cervidae; Correspondence analysis; Host specificity; Ostertagia leptospicularis; Ostertagiinae.

Fig. 1

Parasite-host relationships among European ruminant host species on the basis of mean abundance (symmetric map of the correspondence analysis). Red crosses, nematode species; blue squares, host species. Subfamilies of ruminants are highlighted by colors: Bovinae, purple; Caprinae, pink; Capreolinae, green; Cervinae, olive

Fig. 2

Host specificity of Ostertagiinae nematodes among European ruminant host species based on the prevalence. Length of the rectangles corresponds to the strength of the connection; width corresponds to the number of observations

Fig. 3

Relation between the particular ostertagiine genus and its hosts (at the subfamily level). Length of the rectangles corresponds to the strength of connection; width corresponds to the number of observations