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. 2018 Jul 3;10(7):273.
doi: 10.3390/toxins10070273.

Effect of Suspended Particulate Matter on the Accumulation of Dissolved Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins by Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) under Laboratory Conditions

Aifeng Li  1   2 , Meihui Li  3 , Jiangbing Qiu  4 , Jialiang Song  5 , Ying Ji  6 , Yang Hu  7 , Shuqin Wang  8 , Yijia Che  9
Affiliations

Effect of Suspended Particulate Matter on the Accumulation of Dissolved Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins by Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) under Laboratory Conditions

Aifeng Li et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

In recent years, detection of trace amounts of dissolved lipophilic phycotoxins in coastal waters has been possible using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers. To explore the contribution of dissolved diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) to the accumulation of toxins by cultivated bivalves, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to different concentrations of purified okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) in filtered (0.45 &micro;m) seawater for 96 h. Accumulation and esterification of DST by mussels under different experimental conditions, including with and without the addition of the food microalga Isochrysis galbana, and with the addition of different size-fractions of suspended particulate matter (SPM) (<75 &micro;m, 75⁻150 &micro;m, 150⁻250 &micro;m) were compared. Results showed that mussels accumulated similar amounts of OA and DTX1 from seawater with or without food microalgae present, and slightly lower amounts when SPM particles were added. Mussels preferentially accumulated OA over DTX1 in all treatments. The efficiency of the mussel&rsquo;s accumulation of OA and DTX1 from seawater spiked with low concentrations of toxins was higher than that in seawater with high toxin levels. A large proportion of OA (86⁻94%) and DTX1 (65⁻82%) was esterified to DTX3 by mussels in all treatments. The proportion of I. galbana cells cleared by mussels was markedly inhibited by dissolved OA and DTX1 (OA 9.2 &micro;g L&minus;1, DTX1 13.2 &micro;g L&minus;1) in seawater. Distribution of total OA and DTX1 accumulated in the mussel tissues ranked in all treatments as follows: digestive gland > gills > mantle > residual tissues. However, the percentage of total DST in the digestive gland of mussels in filtered seawater (67%) was higher than with the addition of SPM particles (75⁻150 &micro;m) (51%), whereas the gills showed the opposite trend in filtered seawater with (27%) and without (14.4%) SPM particles. Results presented here will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of DST accumulation by bivalves in marine aquaculture environments.

Keywords: DST accumulation; DST esterification; Mytilus galloprovincialis; diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST); suspended particulate matter (SPM).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structure of okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives. DST: diarrhetic shellfish toxins.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Concentrations of OA (A,B) and DTX1 (C,D) accumulated by mussels from seawater for treatments spiked with low (A,C) and high (B,D) toxin concentrations. Control: No microalgae or suspended particulate matter (SPM) added; either I. galbana or one of three different particle size-fractions of SPM (<75 µm, 75–150 µm, and 150–250 µm) were added for the treatments; red symbols indicate mean values of duplicate treatments.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Percentage of microalgae cleared by mussels subject to different concentrations of dissolved toxins. Control: no toxins added; low toxin concentrations: 0.92 µg L−1 OA and 1.32 µg L−1 DTX1; high toxin concentrations: 9.2 µg L−1 OA and 13.2 µg L−1 DTX1.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Distribution of OA and DTX1 toxins in different tissues of mussels exposed to high concentration of dissolved toxins (OA-9.2 µg L−1 (A) and DTX1-13.2 µg L−1 (B)) in the presence and absence of SPM particles (75–150 µm).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Percentage of toxins accumulated in different mussel tissues in the absence or presence of suspended particulate matter particles.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Design diagram of the exposure experiments (SPM = suspended particulate matter).
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