"Zero Suicide" - A model for reducing suicide in United States behavioral healthcare

Abstract

Suicide is a serious public health concern in the US, especially for those served in outpatient behavioral health. Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in US suicide rates, and a significant proportion of those dying by or attempting suicide were treated in outpatient behavioral healthcare within the prior year. In response, the US Action Alliance released the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention in 2012, a key tenet of which is the "Zero Suicide" (ZS) model. ZS provides resources for administrators and providers to create a systematic approach to quality improvement for suicide prevention in healthcare systems via seven essential elements (Lead, Train, Identify, Engage, Treat, Transition, Improve). In this paper, we describe the ZS model, as well as our operationalization of the model in an NIMH-funded study in ~170 free-standing New York State outpatient behavioral health clinics, serving >80,000 patients. This study is the largest implementation and evaluation of the ZS approach ever conducted in outpatient behavioral health. Evaluation of ZS implementation in "real-world" clinical settings will provide crucial insight regarding broader dissemination and inform how to best adopt empirically-supported care for suicidal patients in outpatient behavioral health, thereby reducing tragic and preventable loss of life.

Keywords: Zero Suicide; clinical best practices; implementation; outpatient behavioral health.

Figure 1

Clinical procedures of the Assess, Intervene, and Monitor for Suicide Prevention (AIM-SP) program of suicide-safer care, an operationalization of the Zero Suicide model for outpatient behavioral health clinics.